CH1400

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY ENGINEERING

Lecture 1, 2, & 3
(L:T:P) (3:0:0)

Dr. Prateek Khatri

Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Course Objectives

1. To understand the importance of interdisciplinary nature of

environmental issues.

2. To demonstrate and understand the methodology for air, water,

and land pollution

3. To expose the basics in hazardous waste management.

4. To impart knowledge on industrial safety, focusing on

techniques and methodologies needed to prevent accidents.
Importance of interdisciplinary nature of environmental issues
Here are several reasons why embracing an interdisciplinary approach is crucial
for addressing environmental issues effectively:
 Complexity of Environmental Challenges: They often result from the
interactions of various factors such as ecological, social, economic, and
technological. An interdisciplinary approach enables a comprehensive
understanding of these intricate relationships and helps in finding solutions.
 Interconnected Systems: The environment consists of interconnected
systems, including ecosystems, climate, water cycles, and more. These
systems influence each other, and changes in one can lead to cascading effects
in others.
 Human-Environment Interaction: Environmental issues are frequently
linked to human activities. Understanding the impacts of human behavior on
the environment requires insights from various fields
 Policy and Decision-Making: Effective policy and decision-making
require consideration of scientific, social, economic, and political factors.
 Global Perspective: Environmental issues transcend national borders.
 Resource Management: Sustainable management of natural resources,
such as water, forests, and fisheries, requires expertise in ecology, economics,
law, and more.
To demonstrate and understand the methodology for water pollution
Step-by-step overview of the methodology for addressing water pollution
 Problem Identification
 Data Collection
 Scientific Analysis
 Interdisciplinary Collaboration
 Risk Assessment
 Policy Development
 Mitigation and Restoration
 Public Engagement
 Technological Solutions
 Long-Term Monitoring
 International Collaboration
 Advocacy and Policy Evolution
To expose the basics in hazardous waste management
Here are the basics of hazardous waste management:
 Identification of Hazardous Waste ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity.
 General Classification
 Minimization
 Storage
 Labeling and Marking
 Transportation
 Treatment and Disposal
 Recycling and Reclamation
 Regulatory Compliance
 Training and Personnel Safety
 Emergency Response Planning
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Public Awareness and Education
CE 1500 Environment and Safety Engineering 3 Credits [3-0-0]

Environmental Engineering:
Module-1
Introduction to Environmental Engineering Nature and scope of environment problems;
Ecosystem; Local, regional and global environmental challenges, Basic concepts of biodiversity
and its significance.

Water Pollution: Fundamentals and Control Strategies: Water quality-physical, chemical &
biological characteristics, Drinking water standards; Effluent quality requirements; Water and
wastewater treatment processes-treatment train, physical, chemical and biological unit
operations.
Module-2

Air Pollution: Fundamentals and Control Strategies; Air pollution - sources, classifications
and regulations; and their effects, Monitoring Principles and instrumentation for particulate and
gaseous pollutant measurements; Air pollution control strategies: physical, chemical and
biological methods.
Module-3
Noise Pollution: Noise standards and criteria, Noise pollution measurement in ambient air
and industrial complex, Control methods for noise pollution;
Engineering principles in waste management, Case studies on industrial applications of
cleaner technologies in industries.
Environment Management and Sustainability Tools for sustainable management including ISO
certification, environment audit, EIA
Safety Engineering:

Module-4
Introduction: Background, Benefits of safety in Industry, Safety Terms and
Definitions. Safety Mathematics and Reliability Basics: Basic Statistics, Set
Algebra, Probability, Reliability.

Workplace Accidents and Safety: Accident Causation Theories (Domino

Theory, Human Factor Theory), Accident Investigation and Reporting. Legal
Aspects of Safety: Factories Act 1948, Other International Codes (OSHA Laws &
Regulations).
Module-5

Hazards Related to Various Industries: Chemical, Electrical, Mining, and

Construction Safety and Risk Management: Safety Management Principles,
Safety Program Plan, Safety Committees, Safety Performance Measures, Risk
Assessment, Risk Management. Safety Analysis Methods: FMEA, FTA, Markov
Method, HAZOP, JHA, Control Charts.

Human Factors in Safety: Job Stress, Ergonomics, Human behaviour;

Personal Protective Equipment; Safety Costing; Safety Cost Estimation
Methods, Safety Cost Estimation.
Books to read
1. M. L. Davis and D. A Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering,
McGraw Hill International, 2005
2. B. S. Dhillon, Engineering Safety: Fundamentals, Techniques, Applications,
World Scientific. 2003
3. Susan J . Masten and Mackenzie L. Davis, Principles of Environmental
engineering and Science, 4th ed., McGraw Hill 2020.

Supplementary Reading:
1. G. Kiely, Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill Int. 2004
Course Outcomes:
After the completion of this course, students will be able to:

CO1: Know the fundamentals of ecosystem and the importance of environmental

engineering
CO2: Assess the water quality parameters and design water treatment units
CO3: Design strategies for air and noise pollution control
CO4: Know the terminologies related to the industrial safety engineering and
management
CO5: Assess safety in different industries using different analysis techniques
What is Environment ?

 Living things and non-living things surrounding us

with which we interact
 It consists of air, water and land
 Environment is a sum of social, economical,
Biological, Physical & Chemical factors which
constitutes surrounding of the man, who is both
creator & modular of his environment.
 Difference between Environmental Engineering &
Environmental Science
 Environmental Engineering can be defined as“ The application
of Engineering Principles under limits to the protection &
enhancement of the quality of the Environment so as to
protect and enhance the public health & welfare” .
 Environmental Science can be defined as “ Study of various
Environmental issues (such as issues of water pollution, Air
pollution & Land pollution).
 It does not include applications of Engineering principles to
protect quality of the Environment.
 Environmental engineering focuses on designing practical
solutions to environmental problems using engineering
principles, while environmental science focuses on
understanding the natural world and the interactions between
living organisms and their environment.
 Duties of an Environmental Engineer

 Environmental Engineer deals with

the structures, equipment, systems
that are designed to protect & enhance
the quality of the Environment and to
protect & enhance the public health &
welfare.
 For example Environmental Engineer
Plan, Design, Construct, Operate and
Maintain the Water Treatment Plants
to supply pure water to the Public.
 Environmental Engineer also conduct
an EIA (Environmental Impact
Assessments) of various Engineering
Projects & give mitigation options.
Environmental terminologies
Ecology: Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and
their environments (Biotic and Abiotic factors)
Biotic factors refer to living components of an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms. Abiotic factors are non-living components, including temperature,
water availability, soil type, sunlight, and more.
Ecosystem: A group of organisms interacting among themselves & surrounding
Environment forms an eco-system which includes both living & non-living components
of the Environment.
Species: A group of organisms having common attributes/quality are called Species.
Organisms: Any living entity Animal or Plant which is capable of growth and
reproduction are called organisms.
Micro Organism: Very small living entity that can be seen only with the help of
microscope is called micro-organisms.
Microbes: Micro organisms are simply called microbes, all microbes are not harmful
for human health.
Pathogens: Harmful microbes which causes disease.
Biodiversity : The verity of life forms on earth & its process
Environmental engineering
Environmental engineering deals with
 Water pollution
 Treatment and disinfection
 Storage and distribution
 Quality check
 Air pollution
 Control strategies
 Control devices
 Noise pollution
 Control strategies
 Solid wastes
 Collection
 Management
 Pollution prevention
What are
environmental issues?

• Three areas:
– air quality
– land quality
– water quality
Air Pollution
• Air pollution: Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the
air that are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole.

• The constituents in the air that can cause harm to humans and the
environment.
– nitrogen oxides (NOx)----from vehicle exhaust
– sulfur oxides (SOx)------ Volcanoes and industrial processes.
– carbon monoxide (CO)---incomplete combustion of fuels
– carbon dioxide (CO2)---- Combustion of fuels

Above emissions not restricted to these sources only

Source of air pollutants

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/sources.html
Source of air pollutants
 Natural and human
activities release a variety
of pollutants into the
atmosphere.
 Once released, pollutants
disperse into the
atmosphere due to wind
patterns and atmospheric
turbulence.
 Pollutants can undergo
chemical reactions in the
atmosphere, leading to the
formation of secondary
pollutants
 Pollutants are eventually
removed from the Transport of air pollutants
atmosphere through two
main processes: dry
deposition and wet
deposition. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/sources.htm
Source of air pollutants
Primary pollutants are
directly emitted into the
atmosphere from various
sources. These pollutants are
the initial result of human
activities or natural
processes and can have
direct and immediate effects
on air quality and human
health.
Secondary pollutants are not
emitted directly but form in
the atmosphere through
chemical reactions involving
primary pollutants and other These reactions are often initiated by sunlight
atmospheric compounds. (photochemical reactions) or other atmospheric processes

https://www.gov.scot/publications/cleaner-air-scotland-road-healthier-future/pages/6/
Source of air pollutants

Dry deposition occurs when particles settle directly onto surfaces due to gravitational
forces. Wet deposition involves pollutants being washed out of the atmosphere by
precipitation (rain or snow) and deposited onto land or water bodies.
 Effects of Air pollution
 During pregnancy has been
associated with adverse
effects on fetal development
 It can increase the risk of
preterm birth, low birth
weight, and developmental
issues
 Children: Exposure to
pollutants can lead to
respiratory infections,
exacerbation of asthma, and
long-term lung function
deficits

Adults and elderly people: Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to
a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and strokes),
respiratory diseases, and certain types of cancers.
https://greennetworkenergy.co.uk/blog/what-you-need-to-know-about-air-pollution/
Health outcomes toward the bottom of the pyramid like asthma attacks and cardiac
effects are less severe, and affect a large​r proportion of the population. Impacts
toward the tip of the pyramid like hospital admissions and heart attacks are more
severe and affect a smaller proportion of the population.
https://www.epa.gov/benmap/how-benmap-ce-estimates-health-and-economic-effects-air-pollution
 Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming
Rising Temperatures:
leading to more frequent and
severe heatwaves.
Melting Ice and Rising
Sea Levels: contributing to
rising sea levels that threaten
coastal communities.
Extreme Weather Events:
intensifies weather events like
hurricanes, droughts, and
heavy rainfall, increasing the
likelihood of disasters.

Ecosystem Disruption: Changing temperatures affect ecosystems, leading to shifts

in plant and animal distributions and potential extinctions.
Ocean Acidification: Excess CO2 is absorbed by oceans, leading to increased
acidity, which harms marine life and coral reefs.
Health Impacts: Heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, and the spread of
diseases are some health consequences of global warming.
https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/what_is_climate_change_and_global_warming_and
Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances like

chemicals, microorganisms, contaminate a body of
water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to
humans or the environment.

 Main causes of water pollution

 Marine dumping
 Industrial waste
 Household waste
 Sewage
 Oil leakage
 Source of water pollution

Point Sources of Water

Pollution:
are specific locations from
which pollutants are directly
discharged into water bodies
They are relatively easier to
identify and regulate.
Non-Point Sources of
Water Pollution:
are diffuse and widespread,
making them harder to
pinpoint and control. They
result from runoff carrying
pollutants from various
sources.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sources-of-Water-Pollution_fig1_335207701
Source of water pollution

https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/water-pollution-and-types-of-water-pollutants/
https://www.icontrolpollution.com/articles/evaluation-of-ground-water-quality-of-bareillycity-.php?
aid=45472&view=mobile
https://www.publichealthnotes.com/pollution-air-water-and-land-effects-on-health-mitigation-measures-and-challenges/
Land Pollution
• Land pollution: Destruction of the Earth’s
surface caused by human activities and the
misuse of natural resources.

• Causes of land pollution

 Garbage
 Factories
 Farming
 Mining
Sources of Land pollution
Landfills

https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/land-pollution/
 Sources of Land pollution
Deforestation

https://inhabitat.com/top-6-environmental-issues-for-earth-day-and-what-you-can-do-to-solve-them/
 Sources of Land pollution

 1,037 tonnes of pesticides consumed by Kerala in 1 year in 2020 to increase crops yield
 Over time, repeated applications can lead to the buildup of pesticide residues in the soil.
 The presence of these residues can alter soil properties, nutrient cycles, and the overall
health of the soil ecosystem

https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jan/04/1037-tonnes-of-pesticides-consumed-by-kerala-in-1-year-
2084715.html
https://environmental-conscience.com/causes-effects-solutions-for-land-pollution/
Noise Pollution

irritation

Nervousness

Increased
Effects
stress

Sleep
disturbance

Increased
blood pressure
https://www.encida.dk/2020/02/16/noise-pollution-and-humans/
Thank you
Backup
slides
https://www.kent.co.in/blog/water-pollution-and-its-smart-purification-process/
“At its heart, engineering is about using
science to find creative, practical solutions.
It is a noble profession.”
-Queen Elizabeth II

“Science is about knowing, engineering is

about doing.”
-Henry Petroski
What is Science ?

Science is about our understanding and knowledge of

natural processes.

What is Engineering?

Engineering is the application of knowledge in order to

design, build and maintain a product or a process that solves
a problem and fulfils a need (i.e. a technology)
Source of water pollution

https://www.eco-business.com/news/water-pollution-an-invisible-threat-to-global-goals-economists-warn/