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Topic # 2 Strain

1) Loads cause material bodies to deform through displacements and changes in shape, known as strain. Normal strain measures elongation or contraction of line segments. Shear strain measures changes in angles between segments. 2) Strain at a point has six components: three normal strains and three shear strains, depending on original segment orientation and location. 3) Strain is measured experimentally to determine stress using material properties. Most engineering assumes small strains, allowing approximations and simplifying normal strain calculations.

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Muhammad Habib
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21 views

Topic # 2 Strain

1) Loads cause material bodies to deform through displacements and changes in shape, known as strain. Normal strain measures elongation or contraction of line segments. Shear strain measures changes in angles between segments. 2) Strain at a point has six components: three normal strains and three shear strains, depending on original segment orientation and location. 3) Strain is measured experimentally to determine stress using material properties. Most engineering assumes small strains, allowing approximations and simplifying normal strain calculations.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Habib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECHANICS OF

SOLIDS-I
Engr. Muhammad Habib (PhD)
Department of Civil Engineering BUITEMS

1
Strain
• Deformation
– Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s
shape and size. These changes are referred to as deformation , and they
may be either highly visible or practically unnoticeable..
– A rubber band will undergo a very large deformation when stretched,
– Slight deformations of structural members occur when a building is
occupied by people walking about.
– Deformation of a body can also occur when the temperature of the body is
changed.
– Not uniform throughout its length so we have to consider the neighboring
elements for uniformity.
2
Strain
• The change in length of a material.
• Normal Strain:
– The change in length of a line per unit length
– We will not have to specify the actual length of any particular line segment.

– If A and B are so close that is nearly 0, then

– If (or ) is positive, Elongation occurs


– If is negative the line contracts.

3
Strain
• Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity , since it is a ratio of two lengths.
• Sometimes stated in terms of a ratio of length units.
• If the SI system is used, then the basic unit for length is the meter (m).
• For most engineering applications will be very small, so measurements of
strain are in micrometers per meter (µm/m), where 1 mm = 10 -6 m .
• Strain is also expressed as a percent (e.g., 0.001 m/m = 0.1%).

4
Strain
• Shear Strain:
• Deformations not only cause line segments to elongate or contract, but they
also cause them to change direction.
• If we select two line segments that are originally perpendicular to one another,
then the change in angle that occurs between them is referred to as shear
strain.
• This angle is denoted by γ (gamma) and is always measured in radians (rad),
which are dimensionless.

5
Strain
• Shear Strain:
• Consider the line segments AB and AC
originating from the same point A in a
body, and directed along the
perpendicular n and t axes.
Notice that if θ’ is smaller than π/2 the
• After deformation, the ends of both lines shear strain is positive, whereas if θ’ is
are displaced, and the lines themselves larger than π/2 the shear strain is negative.
become curves, such that the angle
between them at A is θ’. Hence the shear
strain at point A associated with the n and
t axes becomes

6
Strain
• Small Strain Analysis
• Most engineering design involves applications for which only small
deformations are allowed.
• In this text, Deformations that take place within a body are almost
infinitesimal
• the normal strains occurring within the material are very small compared to 1,
so that <<< 1 .
• This assumption has wide practical application in engineering, and it is often
referred to as a small strain analysis.
• It can be used, for example, to approximate sinθ = θ, cos θ = 1 , and tan θ = θ ,
provided u is very small . 7
Summary
• Loads will cause all material bodies to deform and, as a result, points in a
body will undergo displacements or changes in position.
• Normal strain is a measure per unit length of the elongation or contraction of a
small line segment in the body, whereas shear strain is a measure of the
change in angle that occurs between two small line segments that are
originally perpendicular to one another.
• The state of strain at a point is characterized by six strain components: three
normal strains x, y, z and three shear strains γxy, γyz , γxz . These components
depend upon the original orientation of the line segments and their location in
the body.

8
Summary
• Strain is the geometrical quantity that is measured using experimental
techniques. Once obtained, the stress in the body can then be determined from
material property relations
• Most engineering materials undergo very small deformations, and so the
normal strain <<< 1 . This assumption of “small strain analysis” allows the
calculations for normal strain to be simplified, since first-order
approximations can be made about their size.

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