PHYSICS PROJECT

INVESTAGTORY
• BLOSSOM PUBLIC SCHOOL
• TOPIC:-LDR(LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
• NAME:PRATHAMESH SACHIN RANANWARE
• CLASS:XII
• ROLL NO:42
TOPIC :-LDR(LIGHT
DEPENDENT RESISTOR)
INDEX
1. Acknowledgement
2.Introduction
3.Aim
4.Apparatus
5.Procedure
6.Observation
7.Conclusion
8.Preauction
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher, Mrs Savita Wakchoure, who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful Investigatory project, Who
also helped me in completing this project. I came to know
about so many new things I'm really thankful to them.
INDRODUCTION
LDR, or Light Dependent Resistor, is a type of passive electronic
component that exhibits a change in resistance in response to changes in
incident light intensity. Also known as a photoresistor or photocell, an
LDR is prepared from cadmium sulphide. Its resistance depends upon
the intensity and duration of light incident on it.With increase of
distance of the source of light, the intensity of light decreases inversely
as square of the distance.The functioning of an LDR is based on the
principle of photoconductivity
Apparatus
• A LED
• TRANSISTOR (547B0
• LDR(Light dependent resistance)
• 1 Resistance of (15k - 20k any) ohm
• 1 Resistance of 1k ohm
• 9V Battery
• Battery cap
 Procedure
1.Begin by placing the components on the breadboard. Insert the NPN
transistor into the breadboard with its flat side facing left. Connect the
emitter (E) pin of the transistor to the ground (GND) rail on the
breadboard, and connect the collector (C) pin to the positive (+) rail.
2.Next, connect the base (B) pin of the transistor to the junction of R1 (a
1k-ohm resistor) and the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Attach one
leg of the LDR to the positive rail and connect the other leg to the
junction of the R1 resistor and the base (B) pin of the transistor.
3.Integrate Resistor 2 (R2), a resistor of around 15k ohms, into the circuit. Connect
one end of R2 to the base (B) pin of the transistor, and connect the other end to the
positive rail.

4.Next, connect the base (B) pin of the transistor to the junction of R1 (a 1k-ohm
resistor) and the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Attach one leg of the
LDR to the positive rail and connect the other leg to the junction of the R1 resistor
and the base (B) pin of the transistor.

5.Now, connect the LED to the circuit. Attach the anode (longer leg) of the LED to
the collector (C) pin of the transistor, and connect the cathode (shorter leg) of the
LED to the ground (GND) rail on the breadboard
6. For the power supply, connect the positive terminal of the 9V battery to the
positive rail on the breadboard. Simultaneously, connect the negative terminal of the
battery to the ground (GND) rail on the breadboard.

7. To test the circuit, cover the LDR with your hand or shade it to reduce light
exposure. Observe the LED and note that it lights up as the LDR resistance
increases in the absence of light. Experiment with different light conditions to see
how the circuit responds, considering the adjusted resistor values.
Observation
1.Light Sensitivity:
1. The LED lights up when the LDR is exposed to light which is indicating sensitivity
to changes in light intensity.
2.Activation Threshold:
1. Experimentation shows the LED activation point, influenced by the resistance values
of R1 and R2.
3.Resistor Influence:
1. Resistor values (1k ohms for R1 and 15k ohms for R2) affect circuit sensitivity to
light changes.
4.Darkness and Deactivation:
1. Covering the LDR increases resistance, deactivating the LED by reducing current
flow.
CONCLUSION
• LDR circuit with 1k-ohm resistor (R1), 15k-ohm resistor (R2), and
transistor provides a responsive mechanism to changes in light
conditions. The observed light sensitivity demonstrates the circuit's
capability to activate the LED when exposed to light, with a discernible
activation threshold influenced by the selected resistor values. The chosen
resistor combination (1k ohms for R1 and 15k ohms for R2) plays a
crucial role in determining the circuit's sensitivity to variations in light
intensity. Additionally, the deactivation of the LED in darkness highlights
the circuit's dynamic response to alterations in LDR resistance. This
experiment underscores the importance of component selection in
tailoring the behavior of light-dependent circuits for specific applications.
Precaution
1. Ensure the correct polarity when connecting the 9V battery to the breadboard.
2. Double-check the connections to prevent short circuits, which may damage
components.
3. Handle the components with care to avoid damage. Transistors and LEDs are
sensitive to static electricity, so discharge static before touching them.
4. When testing the circuit, be cautious not to expose the LDR to excessively
bright light, as this may impact its long-term sensitivity or even damage it.
5. Monitor the temperature of the components, especially the transistor, during
prolonged use. If components become excessively hot, disconnect the power
supply and allow them to cool before resuming testing to prevent damage