AECH4102 - Applied Differential Equations

Unit 4 - Application of ODEs in Fluid Mechanics Problems

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Fall 2015 2
Mathematical Modeling and Engineering Problem solving

• Requires understanding of engineering systems

–By observation and experiment
–Theoretical analysis and generalization

• Computers are great tools, however, without

fundamental understanding of engineering problems,
they will be useless.

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Mathematical Modeling and Engineering Problem solving

• A mathematical model is represented as a functional relationship

of the form

Dependent independent forcing

Variable =f variables, parameters, functions

• Dependent variable: Characteristic that usually reflects the state

of the system
• Independent variables: Dimensions such as time and space along
which the systems behavior is being determined
• Parameters: reflect the system’s properties or composition
• Forcing functions: external influences acting upon the system
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 Compartmental Systems
 Many complicated processes can be broken down into distinct stages and the entire
system modeled by describing the interactions between the various stages. Such systems
are called compartmental and are graphically depicted by block diagrams.

 The basic one-compartment system consists of a function x(t) that represents the amount
of a substance in the compartment at time t, an input rate at which the substance enters the
compartment, and an output rate at which the substance leaves the compartment.

 Because the derivative of x with respect to t can be interpreted as the rate of change in the
amount of the substance in the compartment with respect to time, the one-compartment
system suggests:
Example 1 – Mixing System: Consider a large tank holding 1000 L of pure water
into which a brine solution of salt begins to flow at a constant rate of 6 L/min. The
solution inside the tank is kept well stirred and is flowing out of the tank at a rate
of 6 L/min. If the concentration of salt in the brine entering the tank is 0.1 kg/L,
determine when the concentration of salt in the tank will reach 0.05 kg/L

Solution:
First we must determine the rate at which salt enters the tank:

We must now determine the output rate of salt from the tank:

The tank initially contained pure water, so we set x(0) = 0. Substituting the rates in (2) and (3)
into equation (1) then gives the initial value problem
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Example 2:
 Mixing problems occur frequently in chemical industry. We explain here how to solve the basic model
involving a single tank. The tank in figure below contains 1000gal of water in which initially 100lb of salt is dissolved.
Brine runs in at a rate of 10gal/min, and each gallon contains 5lb of dissolved salt. The mixture in the tank is
kept uniform by stirring. Brine runs out at 10 gal/min. Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Step 1 Setting up a model.
▶ Salt’s time rate of change
dy / dt  y '= Salt inflow rate – Salt outflow rate “Balance law”
Salt inflow rate = 10 gal/min × 5 lb/gal = 50 lb/min
Salt outflow rate = 10 gal/min × y/1000 lb/gal = y/100 lb/min

y 1
 y '  50   5000  y 
100 100
▶ The initial condition :
y 0   100

Step 2 Solution of the model.

▶ General solution : dy 1 1 
t
 dt  ln y  5000   t  c*  y  5000  ce 100
y  5000 100 100
▶ Particular solution : t

y 0   5000  ce  5000  c  100  c  4900
0
y  5000  4900e 100

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 GROWTH AND DECAY
 Many engineering problem such as bacterial growth or radioactive decay follow the
below model:
Eq (1)

 Where k is a constant of proportionality, serves as a model for diverse phenomena

involving either growth or decay.

 Knowing the population at some arbitrary initial time t 0, we can then use the solution of
Eq (1) to predict the population in the future—that is, at times t > t 0.

 In physics and chemistry Eq (1) is seen in the form of a first-order reaction—that is, a
reaction whose rate, or velocity, dx/dt is directly proportional to the amount x of a
substance that is unconverted or remaining at time t.

 For Example: The decomposition, or decay, of U-238 (uranium) by radioactivity into Th-
234 (thorium) is a first-order reaction.
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5

Consider the half-life of C-14 close to 5730 years

Examples on the Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations

Mixtures

Exercise. 1 A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which 30 grams of salt is dissolved.
Brine containing 1 gram of salt per liter is then pumped into the tank at a rate of 4
L/min; the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number A(t)
of
grams of salt in the tank at time t.

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Examples on the Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations

Mixtures

Exercise. 2 A large tank is filled to capacity with 500 gallons of pure water. Brine
containing 2 pounds of salt per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 5 gal/min.
The well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number A(t) of
pounds of salt in the tank at time t.

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Examples on the Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations

Mixtures

Exercise. 3 In previous example (E. 9), what is the concentration c(t) of the salt in the
tank at time t? At t = 5 min? What is the concentration of the salt in the tank after a
long time, that is, as t ꚙ? At what time is the concentration of the salt in the tank
equal to one-half this
limiting value?.

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Examples on the Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations

Growth and Decay

Exercise. 4 The population of a community is known to increase at a rate proportional to

the number of people present at time t. If an initial population P0 has doubled in 5 years,
how long will it take to triple? To quadruple?

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Examples on the Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations

Growth and Decay

Exercise. 5 Suppose it is known that the population of the community in Problem 1 is

10,000 after 3 years. What was the initial population P0? What will be the population in 10
years? How
fast is the population growing at t= 10?

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Examples on the Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations

Growth and Decay

Exercise. 6 The population of a town grows at a rate proportional to the population

present at time t. The initial population of 500 increases by 15% in 10 years. What
will be the population in 30 years? How fast is the population growing at t= 30?

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Exercise 7

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 Chemical/Mechanical Engineering

Transport Phenomena

Momentum Mass
Reaction Kinetics

Heat

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 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Three Major Properties Involved in Transport Phenomena:

• Mass – the property of an object that is a measure of its inertia, the

amount of matter it contains, and its influence in a gravitational field

• Momentum – measure of movement; quantity that expresses the

motion of a body and its resistance to slowing down

• Heat – energy perceived as temperature; a form of transferred energy

(conduction, convection, radiation) that arises from the random motion
of molecules

input output

MATHEMATICAL MODEL
PHYSICAL SYSTEM
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Example:
Three Major Properties Involved in Transport Phenomena

COLD FLUID

HOT FLUID

Momentum Transport – fluid flowing through the heat exchanger

Heat Transport – exchange of heat between the cold and the hot fluids

Mass Transport – presence of phase change

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Background:
 Most of the momentum transfer equations are similar to heat
and mass transfers

 Momentum transfer: Focus is on fluids

 Heat and Mass Transfer: Also include solid

 Heat Transfer: Radiation (no corresponding phenomena in

momentum and mass transfer)

 Similarities in problems will be discussed as appropriate

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 Differential Equation Model
Deriving the differential forms of fundamental laws:
• Identify an infinitesimal element in space and apply the basic laws to those elements.

• Conservation of mass à Differential continuity equation (density and velocity fields)

• Newton’s Second law à Navier-Stokes equations (velocity, pressure, and density field
relationship)
• First Law of thermodynamics à Differential energy equation (temperature field to velocity,
density, and pressure fields)

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 Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transport Laws

Phenomenological Laws
 Fick’s Law of Molecular Diffusion (Mass Transport)

 Newton’s Law of Viscosity (Momentum Transport)

 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction (Heat Transport)

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 Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transport Laws

Fick’s Law of Molecular Diffusion

Na dCa
Na   D
A dx
Where: Na = mass flux (mole/s.m2)
Na = mass transfer rate (mole/s)
A = area (m2)
D = mass diffusivity (m2 /s)
dCA/dx = concentration gradient along x (mole/m 3/m)

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 Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transport Laws

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

q dT
Q   k
A dx
Where: Q = heat flux (W/m2)
q = heat transfer rate (W = J/s)
A = area (m2)
k = thermal conductivity (W/K.m)
dT/dx = temperature gradient along x (K/m)

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 Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transport Laws

Extended Molecular Heat Transport Equation

q d (  C pT ) dT
Q     k
A dx dx

Where: α = thermal diffusivity

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 Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transport Laws

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

Fy dV y
 yx  gc  
A dx
Where: τyx = momentum flux
y = direction of flow (velocity)
x = direction of momentum flux
μ = absolute viscosity
dVy/dx = velocity gradient along x
Fy/A = shear stress
gc = gravitational constant

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Example 6: Calculate the heat flux across a copper block 10 cm
thick, one side of which is maintained at 00C and the other at
100o C. The k can be assumed constant at 380 W/m-K.

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 Newton’s 2nd law of Motion
• States that “the time rate change of momentum of a body
is equal to the resulting force acting on it.”
• The model is formulated as
F=ma (1.2)

F= net force acting on the body (N)

m= mass of the object (kg)
a= its acceleration (m/s2)

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Example 7: modeling of a falling parachutist:

dv c
g v
dt m

• This is a differential equation and is written in terms of

the differential rate of change dv/dt of the variable that
we are interested in predicting.
• If the parachutist is initially at rest (v=0 at t=0), using
calculus:
Independent variable

v(t ) 
gm
c
1 e 
( c / m )t

Dependent variable Parameters
Forcing function
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Example 8:
• A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of stationary hot air
balloon. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s.
a) Find the velocity of the parachutist after t = 5 s.
b) What’s the final velocity of the parachutist at landing (t = )?

gm
v(t )  (1  e ( c / m )t )
c

(9.8)(68.1)
v(t )  (1  e ((12.5) /(68.1) t )
12.5

v(t )  53.39(1  e 0.18355t )

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 Conservation Laws and Engineering


Conservation laws are the most important and fundamental laws
that are used in engineering.
Change = increases – decreases (1)

Change implies changes with time (transient). If the change is
nonexistent (steady-state), (1) becomes
Increases =Decreases

Example 9: • For steady-state incompressible fluid flow in pipes:

Flow in = Flow out
or
100 + 80 = 120 + Flow4
Flow4 = 60

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 
x  y z
t
  y  z   vx  x    vx    v
xx    x  z 
 
y  y    vy  y   y 
  x  y   vz  z    vz  
z  z 

     
   vx   vy   vz 
t  x y z 
While:
𝒖= 𝒗 𝒙
𝒗 =𝒗 𝒚
𝒘 =𝒗 𝒛
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Example 10:
Example 11:

𝝏𝝆
𝝏𝒕
=−( 𝝏
𝝏𝒙
𝝆 𝒖+
𝝏
𝝏𝒚
𝝆𝒗+
𝝏
𝝏𝒛
𝝆𝒘 )

0.2
Example 12:

Consider the steady, two-dimensional velocity field given:

Verify that this flow field is incompressible.

Solution:

Check if

Since , the given flow field is incompressible.

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Example 13:

The u velocity component of a steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow field is

where a and b are constants. Velocity component v is unknown.

Generate an expression for v as a function of x and y.

Solution

Since

Integrate with respect to y:

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Example 14:

Consider fully developed, two-dimensional channel flow—flow between two infinite

parallel plates separated by distance h, with both the top plate and bottom plate
stationary, and a forced pressure gradient driving the flow as illustrated in the figure. (is
constant and negative) The flow is steady, incompressible, and two dimensional in the .
The velocity components are given by The velocity components are given by

and , where is the fluid’s viscosity. Generate an expression for stream function along
the vertical dashed line in the Figure. For convenience, let along the bottom wall of the
channel.

What is the value of along the top wall?

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Solution:
Start with the definition of stream function:

Integrate with respect to y:

Use the definition of stream function again:

So the stream function is

Use the BC forto determine the constant

So the stream function is:

Stream function along the top wall :

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Example 15:
As a follow-up to previous Example, calculate the volume flow rate per unit width into
the page of Figure from first principles (integration of the velocity field). Compare your
result to that obtained directly from the stream function.
Solution:
Integrate the velocity along direction to obtain the volume flow rate:

Where W is the width of the channel into the page. So the volume flow rate per unit width

The volume flow rate per unit width obtained directly from the stream function according
to previous Example:

Results from both approaches agree

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Exercise 8:
Conditions for Incompressible Flow
Consider a steady velocity field given by V (u, v, w) = a(x 2y + y2)i + bxy2j + cxk , where
a, b, and c are constants.

Under what conditions is this flow field incompressible?

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Exercise 9:
Air flows with a uniform velocity in a pipe with the velocities measured along the
centerline at 40-cm increments as shown. If the density at point 2 is 1.2 kg/m 3, estimate
the density gradient at point 2.

Ans: /x = 0.3 kg/m4

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