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11 Population Geog

This document discusses key concepts related to population geography and demography. It defines important terms like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and explains how they are used to analyze population growth and change on global and regional scales. Examples are provided of how these demographic factors differ significantly between developing and developed world regions. The concept of a demographic transition is introduced to explain shifting birth and death rates as countries industrialize.

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14 views

11 Population Geog

This document discusses key concepts related to population geography and demography. It defines important terms like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and explains how they are used to analyze population growth and change on global and regional scales. Examples are provided of how these demographic factors differ significantly between developing and developed world regions. The concept of a demographic transition is introduced to explain shifting birth and death rates as countries industrialize.

Uploaded by

aliyuabida309
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter

Chapter 44
Population: World Patterns, Regional Trends
Population geography:
• Focuses on the number,
composition, & distribution in
relation to variations in the
conditions of earth space
Demography differs:
• Statistical study of human
population
• Spatial analysis of the relationship
of numbers to area
• ratio – proportion – normalized
data
Geographic analysis…
• Regional considerations include:
– Resources
– Type of economic development
– Level of living
– Food supply
– Conditions of health & well-being
Why is this important?
• 12,000 years ago = 5 to 10 million
• 2006 = over 6.5 billion humans
• UN projection for 2050 = 9.1
billion
• Remember 1 billion = 1,000 million
Population growth/decline
• Births must exceed deaths for
growth
– Consider the scale
– 2.1 TFR needed to replace present
population
• Looking at regional growth or
decline includes human migration
Three measures of change
• 1. Fertility rates
– Crude birth rate
– Total fertility rate
• 2. Mortality rates
– Crude death rate
– Infant mortality rate
• 3. Migration
Population definitions
• Rates:
– Simply record a frequency of an
occurrence during a give time frame
for a designated population
• Cohort measures:
– Refer data to a population group
unified by a specified common
characteristic
Crude birth rate
• Annual number of live births per
1000 population
– Considered ‘high’ – 30 > per 1000
– Considered ‘low’ – 18 < per 1000
– Transitional birth rates – 18 to 30 per
1000
Total fertility rate (TFR)
• Average number of children that
would be born to each woman, if
during her childbearing years, she
bore children at the current year’s
rate
• Childbearing ages: 15 to 45
• TFR of 2.1 to 2.5 per woman =
‘replacement level’
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Projected % contributions to world population
growth by region, 2000-2050
Crude death rate (mortality rate)
• Annual number of events per 1000
population
– ‘high’ = > 20 per 1000
– ‘low’ = <10 per 1000
• Post WWII: antibiotics,
immunization, pesticides,
sanitation, safe water supplies
Infant mortality rate
• Deaths age one year or less per
1000 live births
• This greatly reflects decline in
general death rate numbers
• Regional variations can occur
within countries
Maternal mortality ratio
• Maternal deaths per 100,000 live
births
• Single largest health disparity
between developing and
developed nations
• Pregnancy complications,
childbirth, abortions = leading
killers of women in the 3rd World
statistics
• Developing world:
– Africa: 1 in 20
– Sub-Saharan Africa: 1 out of 16 (45%
of worldwide deaths)
– Latin America & the Caribbean: 1
out of 160
– Angola: 1 in 7
• Europe: 1 in 2400
– Sweden: 1 in 30,000
Life expectancy
• Modern medicine & sanitation
• Largest killers today:
• Malaria
• Intestinal infections
• Typhoid
• Cholera
• AIDS/HIV
Population pyramids
• Population composition by age & sex
• During 1800s populations: pyramid
shape
• Reflects major population impacts
Missing Females….
• 100 million females missing
• Aborted
• Neglected
• Killed
• Birth ratio: 106 male babies to 100
females
• China, India, Pakistan, New
Guinea, other developing nations
China, 2005

India, 2005
Dependency ratio
• Simple calculation to measure
number of dependents old or
young that each 100 people (age
15-64) must support
Percentage of population under 15 years of age
Rate of natural increase
• Derived by subtracting the crude
death rate from the crude birth
rate (not including change from
migration factors)
• Expressed as %:
– Birth rate of 22 (per 1000) – death
rate of 12 (per 1000) = 10 per 1000 or
1%
Doubling time
• Rate of increase can be related to
the time it takes for a population
to double
• 1% rate of natural increase = 70 to
double
• Population growth: geometric (1, 2, 4, 8,
16…) not arithmetic (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…)
• Rule of 70 = 70/growth rate
2004 Annual rates of natural increase
• Remember:
» Birth rates, death rates, age structure, collective
family size decisions, and migration all effect
population growth

Global Calculation for Doubling Time


• Mid-1700s changes really took hold….
» Revolutionary changes in agriculture & food
supply
» Improvements in medical science, nutrition, &
sanitation

World Population Growth


Demographic Transition
• Portraits the changing levels of
human fertility and mortality
associated with industrialization
& urbanization
– Voluntary relationship between
population growth & economic
development
Stages
• 1. High birth rate/high death rate
• Population estimated 5-10 million,
11,000 years ago
• Period of equilibrium
» Up and down with wars, famines
Stages
• 2. Declining death rates,
continuing high birth rates
• High dependency ratio
• Occurred worldwide without universal
conversion to industrial economies
» Life expectancy
» Low death rates
• Birth rates don’t fall due to:
» Culture
» Agrarian societies
» Low status of women
Stages
• 3. Birth rates decline, death rates
remain low
– Industrialization
– Urbanization
– Birth control
Stages
• 4. Very low birth rates & death
rates
• Back to equilibrium
• Natural rate of increase (not migration)
• 5. Declining populations
• Rich industrialized nations
• Heavy burden on small work force
• Reverse population pyramids
Demographic equation
• Natural change (births – deaths) +
net migration (in-migration – out-
migration)
• In past – emigration was a relief
valve for escalating population
growth
Immigration impacts
• Cross border movements
• Past European & African migrations
• populated Western Hemisphere & Austral-Asia
• Great migration into U.S. during late
1800s, early 1900s
• 30-40% population increase
• Can cause skewed population balance
• Age/gender disparities
Principle migrations of recent centuries
Population density
• The relationship between number
of inhabitants and the areas they
occupy
World Population Density
Population dominance
of the Northern Hemisphere
Terms
• Arithmetic density (crude density)
• Calculation of the number of people per
unit area of land – usually within
political boundaries
• Physiological density
• Population is divided by arable land
» Difficult to define arable land
• Arithmetic density
– Non-ecumenes: tundra landscapes = 1/3+
– Due to climate, soils, precipitation factors:
non-arable land

Northwest Territories, Canada


• Physiological density
– Terracing hillside extends arable land
Honshu, Japan
Carrying capacity
• Number of people an area can
support on a sustained basis given
the prevailing technology
• Concepts:
– Overpopulation & density
– Technology & carrying capacity
– Urbanization
– Over population & density
» 1. All cultivated land is used for growing food
» 2. Food imports are insignificant
» 3. Agriculture is conducted by low-tech methods
– Urbanization
• Population shift is largest in world
» 1950 = urban population, 750 million worldwide
» Early 21st century = nearly 3 billion urbanites
» 2030 projection = 5.1 billion
» Growth of shantytowns, slums
Percentage of national population
that is classified as urban
Population Controls

• Female sterilization is most common


– India, Brazil, China = > 1/3 married women
– Worldwide married male sterilization rate = 4%
– Cultural barriers remain
» Low status of women / high infant death rates
» Religions views
» Agrarian societies

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