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CHAPTER 2 - Models of Health

The document discusses several models of health including the health belief model, health promotion model, health-illness continuum model, and agent-host-environment model. The health belief model focuses on individual perceptions of disease threat. The health promotion model examines individual characteristics and knowledge/beliefs about health behaviors. The health-illness continuum views health as constantly changing. The agent-host-environment model examines the causes of disease as related to environmental, host, and agent factors.

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Lalita A/P Anbarasen
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37 views

CHAPTER 2 - Models of Health

The document discusses several models of health including the health belief model, health promotion model, health-illness continuum model, and agent-host-environment model. The health belief model focuses on individual perceptions of disease threat. The health promotion model examines individual characteristics and knowledge/beliefs about health behaviors. The health-illness continuum views health as constantly changing. The agent-host-environment model examines the causes of disease as related to environmental, host, and agent factors.

Uploaded by

Lalita A/P Anbarasen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIPLOMA OF HEALTHCARE

MANAGEMENT

DHM 3123
HEALTH PROMOTION

Intellectual Property Rights


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are owned or controlled by Kolej UNiKOP. And are protected by copyright and various other
DHM 2123
Lecture by: LALITA
ANBARASEN

CHAPTER 2: Models of
Health
Introduction

Models of why and how individuals carry out


behaviors to promote health and prevent illness
are useful in helping healthcare providers
understand health-related behaviors and adapt
care to people from diverse economic and cultural
backgrounds.
This knowledge can be used to overcome barriers
to health resulting from such factors as:

1. The increasing number of people without health


insurance.

2.Predicted upward trend in minority


populations.

3.Lack of accessible and essential healthcare


services for low-income and rural populations.
The Health Belief Model

The health belief model is concerned with what


people perceive, or believe, to be true about
themselves in relation to their health.

This model is based on three components of


individual perceptions of threat of a disease:
(1)Perceived susceptibility to a disease,
(2) Perceived seriousness of a disease
(3) Perceived benefits of action.
1. Perceived susceptibility to a disease

This is the belief that one either will or will not


contract a disease. It ranges from being afraid of
contracting a disease to completely denying that
certain behaviors will result in illness.

For example, one person who smokes cigarettes


may believe he or she is at danger for lung cancer
and may stop smoking, while another person may
believe smoking poses no serious threat and
continues to smoke.
2. Perceived seriousness of a disease

This component is related to how much the


person knows about the disease and can result in
a change in health behavior.

If a person who smokes believes that lung cancer


can lead to physical disability or death and would,
therefore, affect his or her ability to work and
care for the family, the person is more likely to
stop smoking.
3. Perceived benefits of action

This is concerned with how effective the


individual believes measures will be in preventing
illness.

This factor is influenced by:

a. the person's conviction that carrying out a


recommended action will prevent or modify
the disease .
b. the person's perception of the cost and
unpleasant effects of performing the health
behavior.

For example, the person may believe that


stopping smoking will prevent future breathing
problems and that the initial withdrawal
symptoms can be overcome; therefore, the person
may stop smoking.
Modifying factors for one's health beliefs
include:

1. Demographic variables (such as age and gender)

2. Socio-psychological variables (such as personality


and peer group pressure)

3. Structural variables (such as knowledge and prior


contact with the disease). These factors interact to
influence the perceived benefits of preventive action
minus the perceived barriers to preventive action.
The Health Promotion Model

This model is based on two components:

1. Individual characteristics and experiences.

2. Behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs.

The components of the model can be used to


design and provide nursing interventions to
promote health for individuals, families, and
communities.
1. Individual characteristics and
experiences

This can be useful in predicting if an individual will


incorporate and use health-related behaviors.
If a behavior has been used before and becomes a
habit, it is more likely to be used again.

Personal biologic, psychological, and sociocultural


factors, including age, gender, strength, self-
esteem, perceived health status, definition of
health, acculturation, and socioeconomic status are
all predictive of a given health-related habit.
For example, the person who has high self-
esteem, defines self as healthy, and has an
adequate income might be less likely to use
alcohol or tobacco and more likely to follow a
healthy diet and take part in regular exercise.

Conversely, a person with low self-esteem, a


fatalistic attitude toward health, and a low
socioeconomic base might be more likely to have
poor nutrition, never exercise, and use addictive
substances.
2. Behavior-specific knowledge, beliefs,
and relationships.

These include the belief that there will be a


positive outcome from a specific health behavior
that one has the skill and competence to engage
in health behaviors, and that one is affected by
the interpersonal influences of others (especially
family, peers, and healthcare providers).
Situational influences, such as no-smoking
policies, also influence health behaviors.

Barriers to action, which include perceptions of


unavailability, inconvenience, expense, difficulty,
or time, usually result in avoidance of a behavior.
The Health-Illness Continuum Model

The health–illness continuum is one way to


measure a person's level of health. This model
views health as a constantly changing state, with
high-level wellness and death (Fig. 1).
The continuum illustrates the ever-changing state
of health person adapts to changes in the internal
and external environments to maintain a state of
well-being.

For example, a patient with cancer may view


himself or herself at different points on the
continuum at any given time, depending on how
well the patient believes he or she is functioning
with the illness.
The Agent-Host-Environment Model

This model is useful for examining the causes of


disease in an individual.

An agent is an environmental factor or stressor


that must be present or absent for an illness to
occur. For example, the factor may be bacteria or
a virus, a chemical substance, or a form of
radiation whose presence, excessive presence, or
absence (such as in a vitamin-deficiency disease)
is necessary for an illness.
A host is a living organism capable of being
infected or affected by an agent.

The host reaction is influenced by family history,


age, and health habits.

The environment includes all the factors external


to the host that make illness more or less likely.

The factors can include any that influence health,


including physical, social, biologic, and cultural
factors.
For example, a person who has poor nutritional
habits and gets little sleep is at increased risk for
infection during an outbreak of influenza.

If that person also immune deficient (as in AIDS),


the risk is even greater.

The triangle in (Fig. 2) illustrates how each of the


agent –host– environment factors affects and is
affected by the other these factors are constantly
interacting, and a combination of factors may
increase the risk of illness.
When the factors are balanced, health is
maintained; when they are out of balance, disease
occurs. Thus, health is an ever-changing state.
Thank you

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