Introduction to BEE-3

Dr Rudra Narayan Dash

 Contents
• Electrical safety rules
• Necessity of earthing and fuse
• Switch gear
• Low voltage switchgear
• SFU
• MCB
• ELCB
• MCCB
 Electrical safety rules
1. Power equipment should be plugged into wall receptacles with power
switches in the off position.
2. Electrical equipment should be unplugged by grasping the plug and
pulling. Never pull or jerk the cord to unplug the equipment.
3. Frayed, cracked or exposed wiring on equipment cords must be
corrected.
4. “Cheater plugs”, extension cords with junction box should not be
used.
5. Temporary or permanent storage of materials must not be allowed
within 3 feet of an electrical panel or electrical equipment.
6. Any electrical equipment causing shocks or which has high leakage
potential must be tagged with a “DANGER— DO NOT USE” label or
equivalent.
Saturday, December 16, 20
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Necessity of earthing and fuse
• Safety for Human life/ Building/Equipments
• Over voltage protection
• Voltage stabilization
• The earth path should be capable of handling
magnitude and duration of current as per the over-
current protection of the system without any fire or
flash or explosion.
• It is essential that earth resistance should be as low as
possible. It is specified that for protective purpose, the
same should not exceed 0.2 Ohms.

Saturday, December 16, 20

23
 fuse
• In electronics and electrical
engineering, a fuse is an
electrical safety device that
operates to provide overcurrent
protection of an electrical circuit.

• Its essential component is a

metal wire or strip that melts
when too much current flows
through it, thereby interrupting
the current.

Saturday, December 16, 20

23
 Switchgear
• The apparatus used for switching, controlling
and protecting the electrical circuits and
equipment is known as switchgear.
• The term ‘switchgear’ is a generic term that
includes a wide range of switching devices like
circuit breakers, switches, switch fuse units,
off-load isolators, HRC fuses, contactors,
miniature circuit breakers, ELCB (Earth
Leakage Circuit Breaker) etc.
 Switchgear
• We all are familiar with low voltage switches
and re-wirable fuses in our homes.
• Switches are used for opening and closing an
electric circuit while fuses are used for over-
current and short-circuit protection.
• In such a way, every electrical device wants a
switching and a protecting device.
 Low Voltage Switchgear
• Switchgear for low voltage applications is
generally rated up to 1000 V AC and 1500 V DC.
• The commonly used low voltage devices include
– oil circuit breakers(OCBs),
– air circuit breakers (ACBs),
– switch fuse units (SFUs),
– off-load isolators,
– HRC fuses,
– earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs),
– Residual Current circuit breakers (RCCB),
– miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and
– moulded case circuit breakers (MCCB) etc.
 SFU
• It has one switch unit and one fuse unit.
• When we operate the breaker, the contacts
will get closed through switch and then the
supply will pass through the fuse unit to the
output.
SFU
 MCB
• MCB or Miniature Circuit Breaker is an
electromechanical device which protects
an electric circuit from an overcurrent.
• The overcurrent in an electrical circuit may result
from short circuit, overload or faulty design.
• An MCB is a better alternative to a Fuse since it
does not require replacement once
an overload is detected.
• Usually available in the range of 0.5A to 100A.
 ELCB
• The working principle of voltage ELCB is quite simple.
• One terminal of the relay coil is connected to the metal
body of the equipment to be protected against earth
leakage and other terminal is connected to the earth
directly.
• It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures
of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a
dangerous voltage is detected.
• If sufficient voltage appears across the ELCB's sense coil,
it will switch off the power, and remain off until
manually reset.
 MCCB
• Moulded Case Circuit Breakers are electromechanical devices
which protect a circuit from Overcurrent and Short Circuit.
• They provide Overcurrent and Short Circuit Protection for
circuits ranging from 63 Amps up to 3000 Amps.
• Unlike fuse, an MCCB can be easily reset after a fault and
offers improved operational safety and convenience without
incurring operating cost.
• MCB is mainly used for low-energy requirements, like home
wiring or small electronic circuits. On the other hand, the
MCCB is more suited in providing energy for high-power
equipment.
 GENERAL RULES OF WIRING

• Wiring circuits are designed for efficient distribution of electrical

energy.
• The requirements of a good wiring circuit design are the following:
a. equal voltage distribution
b. same load current in each circuit
c. ease of repair and maintenance of the circuits
d. safety and minimum inconvenience to the consumer
• Therefore, the load (limited to 800 W) or number of points (should not
exceed 10) connected is more than that specified, it becomes necessary
to have more than one wiring circuit. Each wiring circuit is called a
sub-circuit.
DIFFERENT ELECTRIC WIRING TECHNIQUES

Different Types of Electrical Wiring Systems

1. Cleat Wiring
2. Casing and Capping wiring
3. Batten Wiring (CTS or TRS)
4. Lead Sheathed Wiring
5. Conduit Wiring
i. Surface Conduit Wiring
ii. Concealed Conduit wiring
CLEAT WIRING IMAGE
 1. CLEAT WIRING
• This system of wiring comprise of ordinary PVC insulated wires braided
and compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of porcelain cleats,
Plastic or wood.
• Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not
suitable for domestic premises. The use of cleat wiring system is over
nowadays.
• Advantages of Cleat Wiring:
• It is simple and cheap wiring system
• Most suitable for temporary use i.e. under construction building or army
camp
• Cleat wiring system installation is easy and simple.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system e.g. alteration and
addition.
• Inspection is easy and simple.
 DISADVANTAGE OF CLEAT WIRING

• Appearance is not so good.

• Cleat wiring can’t be use for permanent use because, Sag may be occur
after sometime of the usage.
• In this wiring system, the cables and wiring is in open air, therefore,
oil, Steam, humidity, smoke, rain, chemical and acidic effect may damage
the cables and wires.
• it can be only used on 250/440 Volts on low temperature.
• There is always a risk of fire and electric shock.
• it can’t be used in important and sensitive location and places.
• It is not lasting, reliable and sustainable wiring system.
CASING AND CAPPING WIRING IMAGE
 2. WOODEN CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

• Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system

in the past but, it is considered obsolete this days because of
Conduit and sheathed wiring system. The cables used in this
kind of wiring were either PVC or any other approved
insulated cables.
• The cables were carried through the wooden casing
enclosures.
• The casing is made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves
cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. The
grooves were made to separate opposite polarity. the capping
(also made of wood) used to cover the wires and cables
installed and fitted in the casing.
 ADVANTAGES OF CASING AND CAPPING WIRING

• It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring

systems.
• It is strong and long-lasting wiring system.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is
easy.
• It stays safe from oil, steam, smoke and rain.
• No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing &
capping.
DISADVANTAGES OF CASING AND CAPPING WIRING
• There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
• Not suitable in the acidic, alkalis and humidity conditions.
• Costly repairing and need more material.
• White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood.
BATTEN WIRING IMAGE
 3. BATTEN WIRING(C.T.S OR T.R.S)
• The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass link clips
(buckle clip) already fixed on the batten with brass pins and spaced at an
interval of 10cm for horizontal runs and 15cm for vertical runs.
• Advantages of Batten Wiring:
• Wiring installation is simple and easy.
• cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems.
• Repairing is easy.
• strong and long-lasting.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
DISADVANTAGES OF BATTEN WIRING (C.T.S OR T.R.S)

• Can’t be installed in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and outdoor

areas.
• High risk of fires
• Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects (because, the wires
are openly visible to heat, dust, steam and smoke.
• Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system.
• Only suitable below then 250V.
CONDUIT WIRING IMAGE
 4. CONDUIT WIRING

• There are two additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe installation
– Surface Conduit Wiring
– Concealed Conduit Wiring
 Surface Conduit Wiring
• If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring.
 Concealed Conduit wiring
• If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called
concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall,
roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit
wiring. obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common
electrical wiring system nowadays.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEM

Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for distribution

of electrical energy from supplier’s meter board to home appliances
such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is known
as Electrical Wiring) can be done using two methods which are
– Joint box system or Tee system
– Loop – in system
– Staircase Lighting
• Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System
• In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are made through
joints. These joints are made in joint boxes by means of suitable
connectors or joints cutouts.
• This method of wiring doesn’t consume too much cables size.
Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System

• Connections to appliances are

made through joint
• These joints are made in joint
boxes by means of suitable
connectors or joints cutouts.
• This method is suitable for
temporary installations and it is
cheap.
Loop-in or Looping System

This method of wiring is

universally used in wiring.
Lamps and other appliances
are connected in parallel so
that each of the appliances
can be controlled individually.
The switch and light feeds are
carried round the circuit in a
series of loops from one point
to another until the last on the
circuit is reached. The phase
or line conductors are looped
either in switchboard or box
and neutrals are looped either
in switchboard or from light
or fan
 Staircase Lighting

In this a single light point is

controlled from two different
locations one near the bottom
of the stairs and the other near
the top of the stairs.
 Batteries
• A battery is a collection of one or more cells that go
under chemical reactions to create the flow of electrons
within a circuit.
• When batteries are connected, an electron build up is
initiated at the anode which causes a potential
difference between the two electrodes.
• The electrons naturally then try to redistribute
themselves, this is prevented by the electrolyte, so
when an electrical circuit is connected, it provides a
clear path for the electrons to move from the anode to
the cathode thereby powering the circuit to which it is
connected.
 Types of• Batteries
cannot be recharged once depleted.
• Primary batteries are made of
• Primary Batteries electrochemical cells whose
electrochemical reaction cannot be
• Secondary Batteries reversed.
• standalone applications
• alkaline batteries.
• Secondary batteries are batteries with
electrochemical cells whose chemical
reactions can be reversed by applying a
certain voltage to the battery in the
• Lithium-ion(Li-ion)
reversed direction. • Nickel Cadmium(Ni-Cd)
• Also referred to as rechargeable batteries. • Nickel-Metal Hydride(Ni-MH)
• Mobile phones, electrical vehicles etc • Lead-Acid
• initial cost is high