SKIN ,SUPERFICIAL

AND DEEP FASCIA

BY, DR.BHAVADHARANI
MD –Anatomy
Moderator : DR.PUSHPALATHA K
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:
Includes the skin and its accessory structures

1. Hair
2. Nails
3. Glands
4. Blood vessels
5. Muscles
6. Nerves
 SKIN
DEFINITION
The skin is the largest organ of the body and constitutes
approximately 15% of the total body weight.

It is largest organ of the body.

Weighs to 4.5mm-5 mm kg, about 16% of total weight

SKIN:
1. Function
2. Structure
3. Layers
4. Cells
5. Color
6. Types
7. Appendages
Function:
1. Body temperature regulations
2. Reservoir for blood
3. Protection for external environment
4. Cutaneous sensation
5. Excretion and absorption
6. Vitamin D synthesis
STRUCTURES:
The skin consists 2 principal parts:

• Epidermis {superficial ,thinner portion}

• Dermis{deeper, thicker portion}

Deep to the dermis ,and not part of skin is subcutaneous layers ,

also called Hypodermis. This layer consists of
• Areolar tissues
• Adipose tissues
EPIDERMIS:
It is superficial avascular layer of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
derived from ectoderm of the body

Epidermis contains 4 types of cells

> Keratinocytes

> Melanocytes

> Langerhans cells

> Merkel cells

KARATINOCYTE:
Produce the protein keratin.
Also produce lamellar granules.
MELANOCYTE:
Produce the pigment MELANIN that protects against damage by
Ultraviolet radiation.
LANGERHANS CELLS:
Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis they constitute
a small proportion of the epidermal.
MERKE CELLS:
Deepest layer of the epidermis.
They contact the flatted process of a sensory neuron a structure called a
TACTILE disc.
 LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS:
• STRATUM BASALE: [Deepest layer]
It is single row of cuboidal cells.
Layer constantly divided by mitotic activity.
Melanocytes, langerhans cells and Merkel cells
with their associated tactile discs are scattered among
the keratinocytes of the basal layer.
• STRATUM SPINOSUM:
Several layers of polyhedral cells.
Covered with thorn like structure.
Projections of both Langerhans cells and
melanocytes also appear is this stratum.
• STRATUM GRANULOSUM:
3-5 Layers of flattened polygonal cells.
Cells in this layer is the presence of darkly staining
granules of a protein called KERATOHYLIN.
Keratinocytes are membrane enclosed LAMELLAR granules.
• STRATUM LUCIDUM:
Present only in the skin of the fingertips, palms and soles.
Seen only in non hairy or thick skin.
Cells are flattened, translucent, eosinophilic with
indistinct boundaries & nucleus.
• STRATUM CORNEUM:
25-30 layers of dead ,flat keratinocytes.
Serve as an effective water repellent barrier and
also protect against injury and microbes.
DERMIS:
• Deeper part of the skin.
• It consists collagen and elastic fibers.
• The few cells present in the dermis include fibroblast ,macrophages and
some adipocytes
Dermis divided into 2 layer:
> Papillary region (superficial)
> Reticular region (deeper)
PAPILLARY REGION:

This layer consist one fifth of

the thickness.
Surface area is greatly
increased by small, finger like projection
called DERMAL PAPILLAE.
Dermal papillae includes touch
sensors and free nerve endings.
RETICULAR REGION;
It consist dense , irregular connective tissue.
Spaces between the fiber occupied by adipose cells , nerves, sebaceous
glands and sudoriferous gland.
The direction of these lines produces CLEAVAGE LINES OR LANGERS
LINES.

EPIDERMAL RIDGES develop during the third and fourth fetal months
as the epidermis conforms to the contours of the underlying dermal papillae of the
papillary region.
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SKIN COLOR:
• MELANIN , CARATENE AND HEMAGLOBIN are three pigments that give
skin a wide variety of colors.
MELANIN: yellow red or brown black pigment produce by Melanocytes.
Skin color is various from pale yellow to tan to black.
Melanocytes are plenty in the epidermis of penis, nipple and areolae of the breast.

CAROTENE: yellow-orange pigment .

found in the stratum corneum, dermis, and subcutaneous layer
HEMAGLOBIN: Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells.
TYPES OF SKIN:
• There are two major types of skin:

• Thin (hairy) skin covers all body regions except the palms, palmar
surfaces of digits, and soles

• Thick (hairless) skin covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits,

and soles
 FEATURE THIN SKIN THICK SKIN

DISTRIBUTION All parts of the except palms , palmar Palms, palmar surface of digits and
surface of digits and soles soles

EPIDERMAL THICKNESS 0.10 - 0.15 mm 0.6 - 4.5 mm

EPIDERMAL STRATA Stratum lucidum essentially lacking; Thick strata lucidum, spinosum and
thinner strata spinosum and corneum corneum

EPIDERMAL RIDGES Lacking due to poorly developed and Present due to well developed and
fewer dermal papillae more numerous dermal papillae

HAIR FOLLICLES AND ARRECTOR PILLI MUSCLES Present Absent

SEBACEOUS GLANDS Present Absent

SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS Fewer More numerous

SENSORY RECEPTORS Sparser Denser

APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN: HAIR
• Hair is composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells
• Hair consists of: Shaft which mostly projects above the
surface of the skin
• Root which penetrates into the dermis
• Bulb is the enlarged base of the root of the hair within
the hair follicle.
• Highly vascular connective tissue
• The Dermal papilla, which provides nutrition to the
developing hair.
APPENDAGES OF
THE SKIN: NAIL
• Nails are composed of hard,
keratinized epidermal cells located
over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of
fingers and toes
• Each nail consists of:
• Nail plate ---white opaque crescent
called LUNULE
• Free border
• Hidden border
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN :SWEAT
GLANDS
• Long coiled tubular glands.
• Consists two parts are Secretory portion and Excretory
duct.
• They are two types sweat glands
Eccrine gland
Apocrine gland
• Numerous eccrine (or merocrine) sweat glands helps to
cool the body by evaporating, and also eliminates small
amounts of wastes
• Apocrine sweat glands, located mainly in the skin of the
axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions of
adult males.
APPENDAGES OF THE
SKIN:SEBACEOUS GLANDS

• Produce an oil secretion called SEBUM.

• Present over all the body except the thick , hairless skin
of the palm, soles and flexor surface of digits.
• Along with nearby sebaceous glands, they are involved
in producing a waxy secretion called cerumen (earwax)
which provides a sticky barrier that prevents entry of
foreign bodies into the ear canal.
APPLIED ANATOMY:
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA:
• Loose areolar tissues which unites dermis of skin to underlying deep fascia
• It is dense in some places as scalp, palm of hand and sole of foot and contains
collagen bundles
• It is thin in the eyelids, auricle, scrotum, penis and clitoris (devoid of adipose
tissue).
• Special fat deposits at certain sites in women form their secondary sexual
characteristics. These sites are:
• 1. Gluteal and lumbar region
• 2. Front of thigh
Special fat deposits at certain sites in women form their
secondary sexual characteristics. These sites are:

1. Gluteal and lumbar region

2. Front of thigh
3. Anterior abdominal wall below the navel (umbilicus)
4. Breast
5. Post-deltoid region
6. Cervical thoracic region
FUNCTION OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA:

1. Forms an insulating layer deep to skin

2. Responsible for smooth external contours of females and children
3. Allows mobility of the skin on the underlying structures
4. Provides easy passage to nerve, vessels and lymphatics
5. Acts as cushion at certain site.
DEEP FASCIA:

• Tough, inelastic membrane of fibrous tissue which encloses the body

deep to subcutaneous tissue, like a tight sleeve
• Best marked in neck and limbs
• In neck its forms 3 layer
1.General investing layer
2.Pretracheal fascia
3.Prevertebral fascia
Modification of deep fascia:
• Retinacula
• Aponeurosis
• Fibrous sheaths
• Fibrous capsules
• Interosseous membrane
• Intermuscular septa
• Fibrous flexor sheaths
• Ligaments
• Facial sheaths
THANK YOU