Water Resource Engineering

Water Resource Engineering

CE ORIENTATION

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Definition and Scope

Water Resource Engineering

Overview

• focuses on the sustainable management, development,

and utilization of water resources

• includes the design and implementation of systems for

water supply, wastewater treatment, and stormwater
management, addressing the challenges associated
with water availability, quality, and distribution.
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Definition and Scope

Water Resource Engineering

Flood Mitigation
Water Control of Water Storm Drainage

Resource Sewerage
Highway Culvert Design

Engineering Water supply

Utilization of Water Irrigation
Hydroelectric power development
Navigation improvement

Zoning
Non structural measures
Preservation of natural beauty

Pollution Management
Water Quality Management

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Definition and Scope

Water Resource Engineering

Importance In Civil Engineering

• plays a pivotal role in ensuring the resilience and
functionality of civil infrastructure

• Effective water resource management contributes to the

provision of clean drinking water, sanitation, flood control,
and environmental conservation, thereby promoting public
health, safety, and the overall sustainability of communities

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Water Supply Systems

Water Resource Engineering

SOURCES OF WATER

• Surface Water:
• Includes rivers, lakes, and reservoirs
• often treated for consumption

• Groundwater:
• Extracted from wells
• requires monitoring for sustainable use and prevention of
contamination
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Water Supply Systems

Water Resource Engineering

Conveyance and distribution

• Pipelines:
• Transport water from sources to treatment plants and distribution
networks.

• Distribution Networks:
• Utilize pipes to deliver treated water to end-users, employing pumps
and valves to maintain pressure and flow.

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Water Supply Systems

Water Resource Engineering

Storage facilities
• Reservoirs:
• Large storage areas for bulk water supply, providing a reserve during
peak demand or emergencies.

• Elevated Tanks:
• Facilitate gravity-driven distribution, ensuring consistent pressure in
the water supply system.

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Wastewater vs Stormwater
composition
Water Resource Engineering

WASTEWATER STORMWATER
• Primarily consists of • Contains a more limited
domestic and industrial range of contaminants
sewage • primarily composed of
• contains a diverse range of rainwater and surface runoff
pollutants • often carries sediments,
• includes organic matter, debris, and pollutants from
nutrients, and potentially urban surfaces
hazardous substances

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Wastewater vs Stormwater
source
Water Resource Engineering

WASTEWATER STORMWATER
• Originates from residential, • Comes from rainfall or
commercial, and industrial snowmelt, runoffs
activities, as well as sanitary • Carries pollutants from these
facilities surfaces into the drainage
• represents concentrated and system
often heavily polluted flow

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Wastewater vs Stormwater
treatment approach
Water Resource Engineering

WASTEWATER STORMWATER
• Requires extensive treatment • involves Best Management
processes to remove Practices (BMPs) to reduce runoff
pollutants and contaminants volume, control erosion, and
before safe discharge or minimize the introduction of
reuse. pollutants into natural water
• Such as physical, biological, bodies
and chemical methods, • Treatment is generally less
intensive
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Wastewater Management
COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE
Water Resource Engineering

• Sewer Systems:
• Collect domestic and industrial wastewater,
• Transports collected wastewater to treatment facilities through gravity
or pumping.

• Combined Sewer Systems:

• Manage both stormwater and wastewater in a single system,
• Direct both to treatment plants during dry weather but sometimes lead
to overflow during heavy rainfall

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Wastewater Management
Treatment processes
Water Resource Engineering

• Primary Treatment:
• involves physical processes like sedimentation to remove large solids
and reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

• Secondary Treatment:
• Biological processes utilize microorganisms to further break down
pollutants, enhancing water quality before discharge.

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Wastewater Management
Disposal methods
Water Resource Engineering

• Effluent Discharge:
• Treated wastewater is safely released into receiving water bodies,
meeting regulatory standards.

• Reuse and Recycling:

• Treated wastewater is repurposed for non-potable uses to reduce strain
on freshwater resources
• such as irrigation or industrial processes

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Stormwater Management
Drainage systems
Water Resource Engineering

• Surface Drainage:
• Involves the design of open channels, gutters, and swales to direct
stormwater runoff away from developed areas

• Subsurface Drainage:
• Utilizes underground pipes and drainage systems to prevent
waterlogging and enhance soil stability

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Stormwater Management
Flood control measures
Water Resource Engineering

• Detention Basins:
• Temporary storage areas
• regulate the flow of stormwater,
• Helps in reducing downstream flooding

• Levees and Dams:

• Physical barriers constructed along watercourses
• prevent or mitigate flood damage by controlling water levels

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Stormwater Management
Erosion and sediment control
Water Resource Engineering

• Sediment Basins:
• Capture and settle out sediment from stormwater
• Prevent stormwater from entering water bodies and causing pollution.

• Erosion Control Blankets:

• Vegetative covers or synthetic materials applied to disturbed soil areas
• Help reduce soil erosion and promote stabilization

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Hydrology
definition
Water Resource Engineering

the scientific study of water, its distribution, movement, and

properties on the Earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks,
and in the atmosphere.
involves the examination of various processes related to water, its
interaction with the natural environment.
importance
Hydrologists analyze and model these processes to understand
water availability, manage water resources, and address issues
such as flooding, drought, and water quality.
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Fundamentals of Hydrology
Hydrologic
Water Resource Engineering

Cycle
involves the
continuous circulation
of water in the Earth-
Atmosphere system

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Hydrologic Cycle
precipitation
Water Resource Engineering

 Water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets and falls

to the Earth's surface
 The type and amount of precipitation vary geographically and
seasonally.

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Hydrologic Cycle
infiltration
Water Resource Engineering

 precipitation penetrates the

soil surface and enters the
subsurface, recharging
groundwater
 Factors such as soil type,
vegetation, and land use
influence the rate and extent
of infiltration.

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Hydrologic Cycle
evaporation
Water Resource Engineering

 transformation of liquid water

into vapor from surfaces like
oceans, lakes, and soil through
solar energy
 vapor rises into the atmosphere,
forming clouds and completing
the continuous cycle of water
movement.

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Hydrologic Cycle
runoff
Water Resource Engineering

 Excess precipitation that does

not infiltrate or evaporate
 plays a crucial role in
shaping landscapes and
sustaining surface water
systems.

 Kinds:
 Surface runoff
 Interflow runoff
 Base flow runoff
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Watershed Analysis
Definition and Characteristics:
Water Resource Engineering

watershed
 also known as a drainage basin,
 is an area where all precipitation drains into a common outlet, such as
a river or lake.

 Watershed characteristics
 include topography, land use, soil types, vegetation, and climate,
 influences how water moves through and is stored within the
landscape.

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Watershed Analysis
Rainfall – runoff models
Water Resource Engineering

 simulate the transformation of rainfall into runoff,

 help assess how different factors within a watershed contribute

to streamflow.

 consider factors like soil infiltration, land cover, and

precipitation patterns to predict the quantity and timing of runoff
in response to various hydrological conditions

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Watershed Analysis
Flow duration curves
Water Resource Engineering

 graphically represent the distribution of streamflow over time

 illustrating the percentage of time a particular flow rate is

equaled or exceeded.

 provide valuable insights into the variability of flow conditions

within a watershed
 Aid in water resource management and infrastructure planning

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Hydraulic Engineering
Definition:
Water Resource Engineering

• branch of civil engineering that focuses on the conveyance and control of

water.
• involves the design, analysis, and management of water systems, addressing
various aspects such as open channel flow, pipe flow, and related
infrastructure.
Importance to Civil Engineering:
• ensures the efficient and sustainable transport of water, addressing
fundamental needs like water supply, drainage, and flood control
• plays a vital role in designing infrastructure that sustains human life,
supports agriculture, and protects against water-related hazards

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Hydraulic Engineering Principles

definition
Water Resource Engineering

Open Channel Flow Pipe Flow

• water flows in a channel • conveyance of water within

with an open top exposed to enclosed conduits,
the atmosphere • such as pipes,
• flow is confined by the
boundaries of the pipe

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Hydraulic Engineering Principles

boundaries & shape
Water Resource Engineering

Open Channel Flow Pipe Flow

• flow is exposed to the • flow is completely enclosed
atmosphere, and the water within the pipe, and the water
surface is in direct contact is not exposed to the
with air atmosphere during its transit
• path is defined by the natural • path is determined by the
or artificial channel, and the pipe's geometry, typically
water surface may be irregular round

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Hydraulic Engineering Principles

velocity distribution
Water Resource Engineering

Open Channel Flow Pipe Flow

• influenced by the channel • generally more uniform across
shape, with variations in the pipe cross-section
velocity across the cross-
section
Energy considerations
• include potential energy due • include pressure energy and
to elevation and kinetic kinetic energy, (with
energy related to the flow variations) contributing
velocity significantly to the overall
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Hydraulic Engineering Principles

open channel flow
Water Resource Engineering

• Manning's Equation:
• a fundamental formula used to calculate the flow velocity
• considers factors like channel roughness, slope, and hydraulic radius.
• Uniform and Nonuniform Flow:
• Uniform flow - maintains a constant flow depth and velocity
• nonuniform flow - experiences variations along the channel.
• Channel Design:
• involves shaping and sizing channels to efficiently convey water
• considers factors such as capacity, sediment transport, and stability.

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Hydraulic Engineering Principles

pipe flow
Water Resource Engineering

• Pipe Hydraulics:
• deals with the study of fluid flow in pipes
• considers factors like friction losses, pipe diameter, and influence of
fittings.
• Pumping Systems:
• designed to overcome elevation differences and transport water through
pipelines; ensures consistent and controlled flow.
• Pipeline Design:
• involves layout and sizing of pipes to meet the desired flow rates
• Considers factors such as pressure requirements, material selection, and
the overall hydraulic performance of the system.
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Water Quality And Treatment

Water quality
Water Resource Engineering

refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water that

determine its suitability for various uses, including drinking, recreation, and
supporting aquatic life

Parameters
Physical
• measurable characteristics that describe the physical state or condition of water
• Provides insights into water’s appearance and basic properties
Chemical
• involve elements, ions, and compounds present in water
• influences its chemical composition and its suitability to a specific use
Biological
• assess the presence of living organisms and indicators of water quality;
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Water Quality And Treatment

Physical parameters
Water Resource Engineering

Temperature  influenced by dissolved organic

 influences chemical reactions, matter, minerals, substances
solubility  Provides insights to quality and
potential pollution
Turbidity
 cloudiness or haziness of fluid Conductivity
 caused by suspended particles  Indicates presence of dissolved ions
 Affect transparency and aesthetic and salts
Color

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Water Quality And Treatment

Physical parameters
Water Resource Engineering

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)  Affected by minerals, organic

 Concentration of dissolved compound, influences palatability
inorganic and organic substances; for consumption
provide measure of salinity
Specific Conductance
Odor  Similar to conductivity but
 indicative of presence of certain considers temperature
contaminants
Taste

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Water Quality And Treatment

chemical parameters
Water Resource Engineering

 pH  Heavy Metals – lead and copper

 affect the corrosiveness of water and  Monitoring is crucial for ensuring
the efficiency of water treatment compliance with water quality
processes standards
 critical for determining the stability of  Elevated levels can pose health risks
pipes and infrastructure in water and are often associated with
distribution systems corrosion in distribution systems

 Alkalinity and Hardness  Dissolved Oxygen – DO

 levels impact water's ability to  essential for maintaining the health of
neutralize acids and can affect the aquatic ecosystems
performance of water treatment  In wastewater treatment, monitoring
processes and the formation of scale helps assess the efficiency of aeration
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Water Quality And Treatment

chemical parameters
Water Resource Engineering

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD ) & Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD)
 measurements provide insights into the organic pollution levels in water.
 crucial for designing effective wastewater treatment processes.

 Total Dissolved Solids – TDS

 impact the taste and aesthetic quality of water
 High TDS may also indicate potential issues with the water source or treatment
processes

 Total Suspended Solids – TSS

 measures the amount of undissolved solid particles in water such as level of
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Water Quality And Treatment

chemical parameters
Water Resource Engineering

 Others:

 Sulfate

 Chlorine Residual

 Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)

 Disinfection Byproducts – DBPs

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Water Quality And Treatment

BIOLOGICAL parameters
Water Resource Engineering

 Total Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms  Fish Population and Diversity

 Presence of coliform bacteria, especially
fecal coliforms like E. coli, indicates  Microbial Pathogens
potential fecal contamination. Monitoring
these bacteria is crucial for assessing the
safety of water for human consumption and  Bioindicators
recreational use
 Zooplankton
 Bacterial Levels
 Pathogenic Microorganisms
 Algae and Phytoplankton
 Aquatic Plant Health
 Macroinvertebrates
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Water Quality And Treatment

Water quality standards
Water Resource Engineering

• Are regulatory or recommended limits for specific water

quality parameters set by authorities to protect public health
and environment

• Standards vary based on intended use of water

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Water Quality And Treatment

Water quality standards -PH
Water Resource Engineering

DENR DAO – 34 Series of 1990

Revised Water Usage and Classification/
Water Quality Criteria
Section 68. Water Usage and Classifications
- includes classification for both fresh surface and coastal &
marine waters
- includes minimum water quality parameters to be considered

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Water Quality And Treatment

Water quality classification – fresh surface water
Water Resource Engineering

Classification Description/ Use Number

Class AA Public Water Supply Class I. Intended primarily for waters with uninhabited and 5
protected watersheds requiring only approved disinfection to meet the PNSDW
Class A Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that require complete 203
treatment (C&F, S, F, D) in order to meet PNSDW.
Class B Recreational Water Class I. Waters intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, 149
swimming, skin diving etc)
Class C Fishery Water – for propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources 231
Recreational Water Class II - boating
Industrial Water Supply Class I - for manufacturing processes after treatment
Class D Waters intended for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc 23
Industrial Water Supply II – cooling
Other inland Waters by quality, belong to this qualification
Number of classified inland surface water bodies (Source: EMB National Water Quality Status Report 2006)
Only 39% of 525 water bodies classified by EMB may be considered as potential sources of drinking water

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Water Quality And Treatment

Water quality classification – coastal and marine water
Water Resource Engineering

Classification Description/ Use

Class SA Waters suitable for the propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for commercial
purposes
Tourist zones and national marine parks and reserves established under Presidential
Proclamation No. 1801; existing laws and/or declared as such by appropriate government
agency
Coral reef parks and reserves designated by law and concerned authorities
Class SB Recreational Water Class I. Areas regularly used by the public for bathing, swimming,
skin diving
Fishery Water Class I. Spawning areas for Chanos or chanos "Bangus" and similar species
Class SC Recreational Water Class II. Boating
Fishery Water Class II. Commercial and sustenance fishing
Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries
Class SD Industrial Water Supply Class II – cooling
Other coastal and marine waters, by their quality, belong to this classfication

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Water Quality And Treatment

Denr dao 34 s 1990 s68. 6
Water Resource Engineering

For purposes of classification or reclassification the following

minimum water quality parameters are to be considered:
i) Dissolved oxygen (DO)
ii) pH
iii) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)For inland
iv) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) surface waters
v) Total Dissolved Solids
vi) Heavy metals
vii) Total Coliform Organisms
For drinking water
viii)salinity
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Water Quality And Treatment

Denr dao 34 s 1990 s69
Water Resource Engineering

Table 1. Water Quality Criteria for Conventional and Other Pollutants Contributing to
Aesthetics and Oxygen Demand for Freshwater

Parameter Unit Class AA Class A Class B Class C Class D

pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.55 6.0 – 9.0
DO % satn 70 70 70 60 40
5-day 20C BOD mg/L 1 5 5 7 (10) 10 (15)
TSS mg/L 25 50
TDS mg/L 500 1,000 - - 1,000

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Water Quality And Treatment

WATER TREATMENT
Water Resource Engineering

• process of removing contaminants and impurities from water

to make it safe and suitable for its intended purpose, such as
drinking, industrial processes, or environmental discharge

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

oCoagulation and Flocculation
oSedimentation
oFiltration
oDisinfection

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Water Quality And Treatment

WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Water Resource Engineering

• Coagulation and Flocculation:

• Coagulation:
• involves the addition of chemicals to destabilize particles
• flocculation
• facilitates the formation of larger particles (flocs) for easier removal
during subsequent processes.
• Sedimentation
• Allows suspended particles to settle at the bottom of a water body or basin
through gravitational forces, facilitationg the removal of larger particles and
flocs from the water
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Water Quality And Treatment

WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Water Resource Engineering

• Filtration:
• involves the passage of water through various media, such as
sand or activated carbon, to remove suspended particles and
impurities.

• Disinfection:
• the final treatment step, employing methods like chlorination or
ultraviolet (UV) radiation to kill or inactivate remaining
microorganisms, ensuring the water's safety for consumption.
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Water Quality And Treatment

WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Water Resource Engineering

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