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Lecture 7-Development Length

1) Bond is essential for reinforced concrete to behave as intended, preventing slip between the concrete and steel. Deformed bars are used to develop greater bond strength through their projections. 2) Development length is the length required to develop the full tensile strength of reinforcement. It is controlled by pullout or splitting failure of the concrete. Standard hooks or straight bar development lengths are calculated based on bar diameter and bond strength. 3) Reinforcement must extend beyond points of maximum stress for a length of at least the development length to ensure adequate anchorage. Standard rules are provided for determining cutoff points of bars in beams.

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30 views

Lecture 7-Development Length

1) Bond is essential for reinforced concrete to behave as intended, preventing slip between the concrete and steel. Deformed bars are used to develop greater bond strength through their projections. 2) Development length is the length required to develop the full tensile strength of reinforcement. It is controlled by pullout or splitting failure of the concrete. Standard hooks or straight bar development lengths are calculated based on bar diameter and bond strength. 3) Reinforcement must extend beyond points of maximum stress for a length of at least the development length to ensure adequate anchorage. Standard rules are provided for determining cutoff points of bars in beams.

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Adisalem Belay
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Reinforced Concrete I

Arba Minch University


Engineering Faculty
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-7
Instructor: Semma T.
Bond, Anchorage and Development Length

Bond
In order for reinforced concrete to behave as intended,
it is essential that bond forces be developed on the
interface between concrete and steel, such as to
prevent significant slip from occurring at that
interface.
If the bar is smooth enough to slip, the assumption that
the strain in an embedded reinforcing bar is the same
as that in the surrounding concrete, would not be valid.
Consequently, the beam would be very little stronger
than if it were built of plain concrete, without
reinforcement. 2
Bond

Figure Bond stresses


due to flexure
(a)beam before
loading;
(b) unrestrained slip
between concrete and
steel

3
Bond

Figure
(c) bond forces
acting on concrete;
(d) bond forces
acting on steel.

4
Bond

 Formerly plain bars were used with provision of


end anchorage in the form of hooks. Such beam
forms a broken bond over the entire length
between anchorages and acts as a tied arch

5
Bond

To avoid development of wide cracks and


dispense with special anchorage devices,
deformed bars are now universally used. With
such bars, the shoulders of the projecting ribs
bear on the surrounding concrete and result in
greatly increased bond strength.

6
Development Length
 Ultimate bond failures for bars in tension are of two
types:
 The first is direct pullout of the bar, which occurs
when ample confinement is provided by the
surrounding concrete.
 The second type of failure is splitting of the
concrete along the bar when cover, confinement or
bar spacing is insufficient to resist the lateral
concrete tension resulting from the wedging effect
of the bar deformations. The latter if more common
than the former
7
Development Length

Splitting of concrete along reinforcement 8


Development Length
 The development length is defined as that length of
embedment necessary to develop the full tensile
strength of the bar, controlled by either pullout or
splitting.
 Referring to figure on the next slide, the moment, and
hence the tensile stress, is evidentially maximum at
point a and zero at supports. The total tension force
Abfs must be transferred from the bar to the concrete
in the distance l by bond stress on the surface.

9
Development Length

Figure Development length


10
Development Length
 The safety against bond failure is that the length of
the bar, from any point of given steel stress (fs or at
most fy) to its nearby free end must be at least equal
to its development length.
 The basic anchorage length, lb, is the straight length
of bar required to anchor the force Asfyd. For a bar
of diameter-, this force must equal the shear force
developed between the bar surface and the
surrounding concrete:

11
Development Length

As f yd  l b  f bd
 2
But As 
4
 2
 f yd  l b f bd
4
f yd
 lb 
4f bd
12
Development Length

 The required anchorage length lb,net depends


on the type of anchorage and on the stress in
the reinforcement and can be calculated as:
As ,cal
l b ,net  alb  l b ,min
As ,ef

13
Development Length

Where,
As,cal = theoretical area of reinforcement required by
the design.
As,ef = area of reinforcement actually provided.
= 1.0 for straight bar anchorage in tension or
compression.
= 0.7 for anchorage in tension with standard hooks.
For bars in tension, lb,min = 0.3lb  10 or  200mm
For bars in compression, lb,min = 0.6lb  10 or  200mm

14
Figures Standard Hooks

15
Development Length
 Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at
which it is no longer required to resist tension
for a length given by:
A.lb
B.lb,net  d provided that in this case, the
continuing bars are capable of resisting twice
the applied moment at the section.

16
Bar Cut off and Bend points
 It is a common practice either to cut off
bars where they are no longer required to
resist stress or in case of continuous beams,
to bend up bottom steel so that it provides
tensile reinforcement at the top of the beam
over the support. To determine bend points,
or bar cutting points, the moment diagram
resulting from loading for maximum span
moment and maximum support moment is
shown below.
17
Figure Tensile force diagram

18
Bar Cut off and Bend points
 Recognizing the various uncertainties, for
bars with no special end anchorage the full
development length lb,net [d or 12]
whichever is larger, must be provided
beyond the peak stress location. The
critical section may be the point of max
moment or a point where adjacent
terminated reinforcement is no longer
needed to resist bending.

19
In the absence of explicit calculation, the sketch
shown may serve this purpose.

Figure Curtailment of reinforcement – simply supported end 20


Figure Simplified curtailment rules for beams 21
Figure Simplified curtailment rules for beams 22

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