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G E N R A L M AT H E M AT I C S
R E P O RT
BY GROUP 4

LET’S
START!
 HOME IDENTITY TABLE OF CONTENT

W H AT W E W I L L TA C K L E
Today we will be discussing about a topic within logic which is conversion and its multiple aspects and
processes.

E AND I ACCIDENT
PRINCIPLES CONVERTION I N CO NV E RTAB I L I OBVERSION A ,, EE, I, A
A I N
anD d OO
TY
The Simple Conversion of e and
Accident Conversion of a Inconvertibility of O And its Process ObversionofofA,A,E,E,I Iand
Obversion andOO
I principles
Proposition principles
Principles
 SIMPLE CONVERSION OF E AND I PRINCIPLES

S I M P L E C O N V E RT I O N

SIMPLE
OF E AND I PRINCIPLES
An E proposition converts simply to an E proposition. There
can be no danger in the over extension in the conversion of E since
all its terms are universal. No angels are mortals (E)
Therefore, no mortals are angels
It must be remembered that only universal negative (E) and (E)
particular affirmative (I) proposition can be converted through
simple conversion

CONVERSION
No cat is a dog (E)
No dog is a cat (E)

Some animals are not mammals (i)

therefore, some mammals are not
animals (i)
 SIMPLE CONVERSION OF E AND I PRINCIPLES

S I M P L E C O N V E RT I O N

SIMPLE
OF E AND I PRINCIPLES
An E proposition converts simply to an E proposition.
There can be no danger in the over extension in the conversion of
E since all its terms are universal. Some mortals are men (I)
Therefore, some men are mortals (I)
It must be remembered that only universal negative (E) and
particular affirmative (I) proposition can be converted through
simple conversion

CONVERSION
No learned man is ignorant (E)
No one who is ignorant is learned (E)

IN SUMMARY

Tw o p r i n c i p l e s
are interchangeable.
 ACCIDENT CONVERSION OF A PROPOSITION

Accident Conversion
of a Proposition All computers are gadgets (A)

ACCIDENT
Therefore, some gadgets are
When an A proposition is converted, the extension of the converse is limited. A computers (I)
converts
to I. The reason for this is that A is an affirmative proposition; consequently, its
predicate is
particular. This predicate, when used as subject of the converse, must be taken as No computers are robots (E)
a particular
Therefore, some robots are not
term; otherwise, there would be an over extension of P.
computers (O)

CONVERSION All bananas are fruits (A)

Therefore, some fruits are bananas (I)

No human being is a monkey (E)

Therefore, some monkeys are not human
beings (O)
 OBVERSION

INCONVERTIBILITY
OF O

INCONVERTIBILITY
O proposition cannot be converted without violating
either the second or third rule for
a valid conversion. If we say that "Some S is not P,
therefore, "Some P is not S," we find that there
is an over extension of S in the converse, thereby
violating the third rule. For S in the converse to

OF O
be particular, the copula must be affirmative. But the
copula must be negative since the rule is to
retain the quality of the copula in converting, and O has a
negative quality.
 OBVERSION

We cannot, then, legitimately proceed from

"Some taxi drivers are not honest" to
"Some
honest are not taxi drivers," The second
statement may be true, but its truth is not
implied

INCONVERTIBILITY
necessarily in the given statement. It is not
a valid converse of the given O
proposition.

OF O
Some taxi drivers are not honest
Some honest are not taxi drivers

Some people are Christians

Some Christians are not people
 OBVERSION

No fish is unable to swim. (OBVERTED)

OBVERSION All fishes are able to swim (OBVERSE).

Obversion is the process whereby the given statement is called the

obverted we derive or
infer another proposition called the obverse whose subject is the same as
original subject but Some things are indestructible (OBVERTED)
Some things are not destructible (OBVERSE)

OBVERSION
whose predicate is the contradictory of the given predicate. This second
or inferred, proposition,
however, expresses the same meaning as the given proposition. Put in
another way, to obvert is
to state negatively what is given positively, or to express positively what
is given negatively.

All men are mortal (OBVERTED)

Therefore, no men are immortal
(OBVERSE)
 OBVERSION

TO GET A CORRECT OBVERSE

FOLLOW THESE RULES

Retain the subject term.

OBVERSION
Contradict the predicate of the obverted.
Negate the copula or change the quality of (The safest way to contradict is to prefix "un"
the copula — from positive to negative or or "non." It is not always safe to use the
from prefixes "in, ir, im," because they do not always
negative to positive. affect a denial. Thus, while "material" and
immaterial' are contradictories. "Memorable"
and "immemorable" are not. While "finite" and
"infinite" are opposites, "tense" and "intense"
are not.
 INCONVERTIBILITY OF O

Obversion of E OBVERTS TO A
No honest man is
A, E, I and O untrustworthy
No S is Un-P

OBVERSION OF
We learned how to change the quality of a
Every man is trustworthy
proposition in section. Remember, quality refers to whether Every S is P
the proposition
is “affirmative” or “negative.” For instance, changing the
quality of “All S are P”
would give us “No S are P.”

A, E, I AND O
A OBVERTS TO E
Every good artist is creative
Every S is P
No good artist is uncreative
No S is Un-P
 INCONVERTIBILITY OF O

Obversion of I OBVERTS TO O
Some men are emotionally
insecure
A, E, I and O Some S in In-P

OBVERSION OF
Some men are not emotionally
Since the obverted and obverse express the secure
Some S is not P
same thing, both have the same truth value. If
the obverted is trues the obverse is also true; if
false, the obverse is also false.

A, E, I AND O
O OBVERTS TO I
Some lands are not productive
Some S is not P
Some lands are unproductive
Some S is Un-P