Object Oriented

Concepts Through CPP

Unit1
Introduction to C++
 Introduction
• Programmers write instructions in various programming languages to perform their
computation tasks such as:
• Machine level Language
• Assembly level Language
• High level Language

• Machine level Language :

Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's central processing
unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit
of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly executed by a CPU is made up of a series of such
instructions.
 Introduction
• Assembly level Language : An assembly language (or assembler language) is a low-level
programming language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very
strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture's
machine code instructions. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a
utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly,
or assembling the code.
• High level Language : High-level language is any programming language that enables
development of a program in much simpler programming context and is generally independent
of the computer's hardware architecture. High-level language has a higher level of abstraction
from the computer, and focuses more on the programming logic rather than the underlying
hardware components such as memory addressing and register utilization.
 Introduction
• The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s. Now there
are dozens of different languages, including Ada , Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++,
JAVA, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal,Prolog,Python and .Net. Such languages are
considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and farther from
machine languages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered lowlevel because
they are very close to machine languages.
• The high-level programming languages are broadly categorized in to two categories:
• Procedure oriented programming(POP) language.
• Object oriented programming(OOP) language.
 Introduction
• Procedure Oriented Programming Language
In the procedure oriented approach, the problem is viewed as sequence of things to be
done such as reading , calculation and printing. Procedure oriented programming
basically consist of writing a list of instruction or actions for the computer to follow
and organizing these instruction into groups known as functions.
 Introduction
• The disadvantage of the procedure oriented programming languages is:
• Global data access
• It does not model real word problem very well
• No data hiding
 Introduction
• Characteristics of procedure oriented programming:
• Emphasis is on doing things(algorithm)
• Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
• Most of the functions share global data
• Data move openly around the system from function to function
• Function transforms data from one form to another.
• Employs top-down approach in program design
 Introduction
• Object Oriented Programing
• “Object oriented programming as an approach that provides a way of modularizing
programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can
be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on demand”.
Introduction
 Introduction
• Features of the Object Oriented programming
• Emphasis is on doing rather than procedure.
• programs are divided into what are known as objects.
• Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects.
• Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure.
• Data is hidden and can’t be accessed by external functions.
• Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
• New data and functions can be easily added. 8. Follows bottom-up approach in
program design.
VVB.NET
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• Objects
• Classes
• Data abstraction and encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic binding
• Message passing
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• OBJECTS
• Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system.
• They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item
that the program must handle.
• The fundamental idea behind object oriented approach is to combine both data and
function into a single unit and these units are called objects.
• The term objects means a combination of data and program that represent some real
word entity.
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• For example: consider an example named Amit; Amit is 25 years old and his salary is
2500. The Amit may be represented in a computer program as an object.
• The data part of the object would be (name: Amit, age: 25, salary: 2500)
• The program part of the object may be collection of programs (retrive of data, change
age, change of salary). In general even any user –defined type-such as employee may be
used. In the Amit object the name, age and salary are called attributes of the object.
Basic Concepts of OPP
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• CLASS:
• A group of objects that share common properties for data part and some program
part are collectively called as class. In C ++ a class is a new data type that contains
member variables and member functions that operate on the variables.
• DATA ABSTRACTION :
• Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the
back ground details or explanations. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are
defined as size, width and cost and functions to operate on the attributes.
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• DATA ENCAPSALATION :
• The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit (called class) is known as
encapsulation. The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions
which are wrapped in the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between
the objects data and the program.
• INHERITENCE :
• Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of another
class. In the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusablity. This mean that we can
add additional features to an existing class with out modifying it. This is possible by
desining a new class will have the combined features of both the classes.
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• POLYMORPHISIM:
• Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form. An operation may exhibit different
instance. The behaviour depends upon the type of data used in the operation.
• A language feature that allows a function or operator to be given more than one definition. The
types of the arguments with which the function or operator is called determines which definition will
be used.
• Overloading may be operator overloading or function overloading.
• It is able to express the operation of addition by a single operater say ‘+’. When this is possible you
use the expression x + y to denote the sum of x and y, for many different types of x and y; integers ,
float and complex no. You can even define the + operation for two strings to mean the concatenation
of the strings.
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• DYNAMIC BINDING :
• Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to the executed in
response to the call. Dynamic binding means the code associated with a given
procedure call is not known untill the time of the call at run-time. It is associated
with a polymorphic reference depends upon the dynamic type of that reference.
 Basic Concepts of OPP
• MESSAGE PASSING :
• An object oriented program consists of a set of objects that communicate
with each other.
• A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and
therefore will invoke a function (procedure) in the receiving object that
generates the desired result. Message passing involves specifying the
name of the object, the name of the function (message) and information to
be sent.
 Basic Concepts of OPP

Employee . Salary (name)

Object Information
Message
 Advantages of OPP
• Oop offers several benefits to both the program designer and the user. Object-oriented contributes to the solution of many
problems associated with the development and quality of software products. The principal advantages are :
• Through inheritance we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing classes.
• We can build programs from the standard working modules that communicate with one another, rather than having to start
writing the code from scratch. This leads to saving of development time and higher productivity.
• This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs that can’t be invaded by code in other parts of
the program.
• It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist with out any interference.
• It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
• Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
• Message passing techniques for communication between objects makes the interface description with external systems
much simpler.
• Software complexity can be easily managed.
 Applications of OPP
• The most popular application of oops up to now, has been in the area of user interface design such as
windows. There are hundreds of windowing systems developed using oop techniques.
• Real business systems are often much more complex and contain many more objects with complicated
attributes and methods. Oop is useful in this type of applications because it can simplify a complex
problem. The promising areas for application of oop includes.
• Real – Time systems.
• Simulation and modeling
• Object oriented databases.
• Hypertext,hypermedia and expertext.
• Al and expert systems.
• Neural networks and parallel programming.
• Dicision support and office automation systems.
• CIM / CAM / CAD system.
 Basics of C++
• C ++ is an object oriented programming language, C ++ was developed by
Jarney Stroustrup at AT & T Bell lab, USA in early eighties. C ++ was
developed from c and simula 67 language. C ++ was early called ‘C with
classes’.
Features of C++
 Structure of C++ Program
• A C++ program consist four sections as shown in following fig.This
section may be placed in a separate code files and then compiled
independently or jointly.
 Structure of C++ Program
• Section I : Header File Declaration Section
1. Header Files used in the program are listed here.
2. Header files provides prototype declarations for different library
functions.
3. Basically all preprocessor directives are written in this section.
 Structure of C++ Program
• Section II : Global Declaration Section
1. Global Variables are declared here.
2. Global Declaration include
Declaring structure
Declaring class
Declaring variable.

Section III : Class Declaration Section

1. Actually this section can be considered as a sub section for the global declaration
section.
2. Class declaration and all method of that class are defined here.
• Section IV : main Function
1. Each and every cpp program always starts with main function.
2. This is the entry point for the functions.Each and every method is
called indirectly through main.
3.We can create class object in the main.
4. Operating system call this function automatically.
• Section V : Method Definition Section
• This is optional section