Conic Sections

Prepared by: Servant D. Daguplo

Learning objectives
1 2
Illustrate the different Define a circle
types of conic section

3 4
Determine the center Determine the equation
and radius of a circle of a circle satisfying
given conditions
 In spite of the fact that the conic areas, or conics,
were to begin with presented by the antiquated Greeks, they
still have exceptional applications within the advanced world.
Mathematicians, engineers, and researchers experience
various applications of conics in their particular zones of
specialization. The properties of conics are often reflected
and coordinates within the advancement of telescopes,
vehicles’ side mirrors, and television dish receiving wires,
and within the development of suspension bridges and
burrows. Conics are moreover utilized to get it planetary
movements and the circles of comets.
 What is Conic
Section?
Conic sections, also known as conics, are
formed by intersecting a double-napped
cone with a plane. There are four main
conic sections, namely, circles, parabolas,
ellipses, and hyperbolas.
 We introduce the conic sections (or conics), a particular
class of curves which oftentimes appear in nature and which
have applications in other fields. One of the first shapes we
learned, is the circle. When you throw a ball, the trajectory it
takes is a parabola. The orbit taken by each planet around the
sun is an ellipse. Properties of hyperbolas have been used in the
design of certain telescopes and navigation systems. We will
discuss circles in this lesson, leaving parabolas, ellipses, and
hyperbolas for subsequent lessons.
Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola
 Circle Ellipse
formed when the (tilted)
formed when the plane is
plane intersects only one
horizontal as it intersects
cone to form a bounded
the cone.
curve
Conics
Hyperbola
Parabola formed when the plane (not
formed when the plane necessarily vertical) intersects
intersects only one cone to both cones to form two
form an unbounded curve. unbounded curves
 Degenerate Conics

Notice that the planes that cut through the double-napped cone do not pass
through the vertex of the cone. But when these planes pass through the
vertex, the conics that are formed are said to be degenerate. There are
other ways for a plane and the cones to intersect, to form what are referred
to as degenerate conics: either a point, one line, and two lines.
 Circle
A circle is a conic section that is formed by
intersecting a cone with a plane that is
perpendicular to the axis of the cone as
shown in the illustration. A circle has set of
all points in a plane that are equidistant from
a fixed point called the center. The distance
from the center to any point on the circle is
called the radius of the circle, denoted by r,
where r > 0.
 Standard form of the Equation of the
Circle
The standard form of the equation of a circle can be
derived using the distance formula. Recall that the distance
between two points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), is given by

Let the center C of a circle be located at point (h, k) and

the radius be equal to r. Also, let the point P(x, y) be any point on
the circle.
Figure shows a circle whose center is at (h, k)
and radius.

Then the distance from C to P is r; that is,

r=

Squaring both sides of the equation leads to,

r2 = (x – h)2 + (y – k)2

Therefore, the standard form of the equation of a circle whose

center is at (h, k) and whose radius is r is given by

r2 = (x – h) 2 + (y – k) 2, where r > 0.
If the center of the circle is at the origin, that is h = 0 and k = 0,
and the radius is r, then the equation of the circle is given by

r2 = x2 + y2, where r > 0.

Example 1. Determine the standard equation of the circle given
the coordinates of its center and its radius.
a) center at (2, –3) and r = 3
b) center at ( and r = 6

Solution:
The standard form of the equation of a circle is (x – h) 2 + (y –
k) 2 = r2. Substitute the values of h, k, and r in the equation, then
simplify.
a) Given that h = 2, k = –3, and r = 3, then the standard form of the
equation of the circle is
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
(x – 2)2 + [y – (- 3)]2 = 32
(x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
b) Given that h = ½ and k = ¼ and r = 6, then the standard form of
the equation of the circle is
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
(x – ½)2 + (y – ¼)2 = 62
(x – ½)2 + (y – ¼)2 = 36
Example 2. Given the standard form of the equation, find the
coordinates of the center and the radius of each of the following
circles.

a) (x + 9)2 + (y – 1)2 = 25
b) x2 + (y – ¼)2 =
c) (x – 6)2 + y2 = 15
Solution:
a) (x + 9)2 + (y – 1)2 =25 [x –(- 9)]2 + (y – 1)2 = 52
Thus, the center is at (- 9, 1) and r = 5

b) x2 + (y – ¼)2 = (x – 0)2 + (y – ¼) = )2
Thus, the center is at (0, ¼) and r = ( )

c) (x – 6)2 + y2 = 15 (x – 6)2 + (y – 0)2 = ()2

Thus, the center is at (6, 0) and r =
 General Form of the Equation of a Circle
The equation of a circle can be written in another form by
expanding the binomials on the left side of the equation and
then combining similar terms.

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
(x2 – 2hx + h2) + (y2 – 2ky + k2) = r2
x2 – 2hx + h2 + y2 – 2ky + k2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky + h2 + k2 = r2
x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky + h2 + k2 – r2 = 0
if D = – 2h, E = – 2k, and F = h2 + k2 –r2, the equation
x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky + h2 + k2 – r2 = 0 becomes

x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
 Example 3. Determine the general form of the equation of the circle
defined by
(x + 5)2 + (y – 6)2 = 4
Solution:
(x + 5)2 + (y – 6)2 = 4
x2 + 10x + 25 + y2 – 12y +36 – 4 = 0
x2 + y2+ 10x – 12y + 57 = 0
Thus, the general form of the equation of the circle is x2 + y2+ 10x –
12y + 57 = 0
 Transforming the Equation of a Circle from the General
Form to the Standard Form

Example 6. Determine the standard form of the equation of the

circle defined by

a) x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + 18 = 0

b) 4x2 + 4y2 – 4x + 24y + 1 = 0

 Group all the x and y terms and
transpose the
(x2 – 6x) + (y2 – 10y) = - 18
constant term to the right side of
the equation
Using completing the square,
(x2 – 6x + 9) + (y2 – 10y + 25) = complete the x and y terms then
- 18 + 25 + 9 add 25 and 9 to the right side
equation
Factor the left side and simplify
(x – 3)2 + (y – 5) = 16
the right side of the equation.

Therefore, the standard form of the equation of the circle (x – 3)2 +

(y – 5)2 = 16 or (x – 3)2 + (y – 5)2 = 42.
 Divide the given equation by 4 to
x2 + y2 – x + 6y + = 0
reduce the equation to its general
form

Group all the x and y terms and

(x2 – x) + (y2 + 6y) = -
transpose the constant term to the
right side of the equation.

Complete the square of the x terms

and add to the right side of the
(x2 – x + ) + (y2 + 6y + 9) = - ¼ + ¼ + equation. Complete the square of the
y terms and add 9 to the right side of
9
the equation. Adding and 9 to both
sides of the equation will keep its
balance.
 (x – ½ )2 + (y + 3)2 = 9 Factor the left side and simplify
the right side of the equation.

Therefore, the standard form of the equation of the circle is (x – ½ )2

+ (y + 3)2 = 9 or (x – ½ )2 + (y + 3)2 =32.