Chapter 5 :

Fundamental Concepts in Video

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 1
 Video
 Video is created from series of images.
 this series of images are displayed on screen at fast
speed.
 single images are called frames.
 The rate at which these images are presented is referred
to as the Frame Rate.

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 2
 Type of video signals
There are two types of video:
1) Analog video
Analog video signal is transmitted by a high-
frequency wave.
 is represented as a continuous (time-varying)
signal
 It
contains the luminance (brightness) and chrominance
(color) of the image
 Analog video is found in most older computer video
displays, as it is the original standard to transmit video over
coaxial lines.

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 3
2) Digital video
Digital video is a type of video that works by
using a digital in ones and zeros. , rather than
analog, of the video signal.
 Digital video is represented as a
sequence of digital images.
The transmission sends a very fast stream
of data about each and every pixel on the
screen.

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Scanning Methods (Display Modes)

Interlaced
 odd lines are displayed first, then even lines
 Taken together, all the odd lines are called a field (and
similarly for all the even lines).
 The original purpose of interlaced display was to avoid
flicker.
 Standard television uses this method, displaying 60 fields
per second (which makes 30 frames per second).
 Half Band width required.

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interlacing

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Scanning Methods (Display Modes)

Progressive
The method used by computer monitors.
An entire screen can be written to a buffer.
The buffer is displayed “instantaneously.”

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 Video Display Interfaces
 We now discuss the interfaces for video signal transmission
from some output devices (e.g., set-top box, video player, video
card, and etc.) to a video display (e.g., TV, monitor, projector,
etc.).
 There have been a wide range of video display interfaces,
supporting video signals of different formats (analog or
digital, interlaced or progressive), different frame rates,
and different resolutions

 We start our discussion with

 analog interfaces, including Component Video, Composite Video, and

S-Video, VGA
 then digital interfaces, including DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort.

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 8
 Analog Display Interfaces
 Analog video signals are often transmitted in one of the following
different interfaces:
◦ Component video,
◦ Composite video, and
◦ S-video.
◦ VGA

Connectors for typical analog display interfaces. From left to right:

Component video, Composite video, S-video, and VGA

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 9
 Analog Display Interfaces
1) Component Video
Higher end video systems, such as for studios, make use of three separate video
signals for the red, green, and blue image planes.
This kind of system has three wires (and connectors) connecting the camera or
other devices to a TV or monitor.
2) Composite Video
When connecting to TVs, composite video uses only one wire (and hence one
connector, such as a BNC connector at each end of a coaxial cable plug at each
end of an ordinary wire), and video color signals are mixed, not sent separately.
The audio signal is another addition to this one signal.

3) Separated(S-Video):
•A compromise between component analog video and the composite video.
It uses two lines, one for luminance and another for composite chrominance
signal.

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 10
 Analog Display Interfaces
4) Video Graphics Array (VGA)
The Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video display interface that
was first introduced by IBM in 1987, along with its personal
system(PS/2) personal computers.
It has since been widely used in the computer industry with many
variations, which are collectively referred to as VGA.

The initial VGA resolution was 640×480 pixels.

The VGA video signals are based on analog component RGBHV

(red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync).

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 11
 Digital Display Interfaces
 Given the rise of digital video processing and the monitors that
directly accept digital video signals, there is a great demand toward
video display interfaces that transmit digital video signals.
 Such interfaces emerged in 1980s (e.g., Color Graphics Adapter
(CGA)
 Today, the most widely used digital video interfaces include Digital
Visual Interface (DVI), High-Definition Multimedia Interface
(HDMI), and Display Port, as shown blow

Connectors of different digital display interfaces. From left to right: DVI,

HDMI, DisplayPort

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 Digital Display Interfaces
1) Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) was developed by the Digital
Display Working Group (DDWG) for transferring digital video
signals, particularly from a computer’s video card to a monitor.
It carries uncompressed digital video and can be configured to
support multiple modes, including DVI-D (digital only), DVI-A
(analog only), or DVI-I (digital and analog).
The support for analog connections makes DVI backward
compatible with VGA (though an adapter is needed between the
two interfaces).
The DVI allows a maximum 16:9 screen resolution of 1920×1080
pixels.

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 Digital Display Interfaces
2) High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

HDMI is a newer digital audio/video interface developed to be

backward-compatible with DVI.

HDMI, however, differs from DVI in the following aspects:

1. HDMI does not carry analog signal and hence is not compatible
with VGA.
2. DVI is limited to the RGB color range (0–255).
3. HDMI supports digital audio, in addition to digital video.

The HDMI allows a maximum screen resolution of 2560×1600

pixels.

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Digital Display Interfaces
3) Display Port

It is the first display interface that uses packetized data

transmission, like the Internet or Ethernet
Display Port can achieve a higher resolution with fewer pins
than the previous technologies.
The use of data packets also allows Display Port to be
extensible, i.e., new features can be added over time without
significant changes to the physical interface itself.
Display Port can be used to transmit audio and video
simultaneously, or either of them.
Compared with HDMI, Display Port has slightly more
bandwidth, which also accommodates multiple streams of audio
and video to separate devices.

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 Video Broadcasting Standards/ TV
standards
There are three different video broadcasting standards:
1) PAL (Phase Alternate Line)
PAL uses 625 horizontal lines at a field rate of 50 fields per second (or
25 frames per second).
Only 576 of these lines are used for picture information with the
remaining 49 lines used for sync or holding additional information such
as closed captioning.
Interlaced, each frame is divided into 2 fields, 312.5 lines/field
For color representation, PAL uses YUV (YCbCr) color model
In PAL,
5.5 MHz is allocated to Y,
1.8 MHz each to U and V
It is used in Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and Europe.

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 Video Broadcasting Standards/ TV
standards
2) Sequential Color with Memory(SECAM)
SECAM is very similar to PAL.
 It specifies the same number of scan lines and frames per second.
SECAM uses the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the color
information sequentially.
It is the broadcast standard for France, Russia, and parts of Africa and
Eastern Europe.

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Video Broadcasting Standards/ TV standards

3) NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)

NTSC is a black-and-white color compatible

 525 scan lines per frame
 20 lines reserved for control information at the beginning
of each field
 So a maximum of 485 lines of visible data
 Ordinary TV --~320 lines
 Each line takes 63.5 microseconds to scan.
• Uses YIQ color model.
 Used in USA, Canada, and Japan.

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Factors of Digital Video
 With digital video, four factors have to be kept in mind. These are :
Frame Rate
 This means that the video is made up of 30 (or 24) pictures or
frames for every second of video. Additionally these frames are split
in half (odd lines and even lines), to form what are called fields.
Color Resolution
 Color resolution refers to the number of colors displayed on the
screen at one time.
 Computers deal with color in an RGB (red-green- blue) format,
while video uses a variety of formats. One of the most common
video formats is called YUV.
 Although there is no direct correlation between RGB and YUV, they
are similar in that they both have varying levels of color depth
(maximum number of colors).

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Factors of Digital Video
Spatial Resolution
"How big is the picture?”. Since PC and Macintosh computers
generally have resolutions in excess of 640 by 480, most people
assume that this resolution is the video standard.
This can often the result in the down-sizing of the video and the loss
of some resolution.
Image Quality
The final objective is video that looks acceptable for your
application. For some this may be 1/4 screen, 15 frames per second
(fps), at 8 bits per pixel. Other requires a full screen (768 by 484), full
frame rate video, at 24 bits per pixel (16.7 million colors).


Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 20
Thanks

Kumkumo K. @DDUIT 21