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L1 Principle of Heat

The document discusses heat, temperature, and air flow. It defines heat and temperature, explaining that heat is a form of energy while temperature is a measure of heat presence. It describes specific heat and latent heat. It also summarizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Additionally, it defines conduction, convection and radiation as the three modes of heat transfer. It explains stack effect and wind effect as causes of natural air flow. Finally, it discusses properties of humid air and psychrometric charts.

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24 views

L1 Principle of Heat

The document discusses heat, temperature, and air flow. It defines heat and temperature, explaining that heat is a form of energy while temperature is a measure of heat presence. It describes specific heat and latent heat. It also summarizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Additionally, it defines conduction, convection and radiation as the three modes of heat transfer. It explains stack effect and wind effect as causes of natural air flow. Finally, it discusses properties of humid air and psychrometric charts.

Uploaded by

akafacta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of Heat

Lecture 1
Heat Vs Temperature
• Heat – is a form of energy, contained in substances as molecular motion
or appearing as electromagnetic radiation in space. Energy is the ability
or capacity for doing work and it is measured in the same units.
• Temperature (T) – is the symptom of the presence of heat in a
substance.
The Celsius scale is based on water: its freezing point taken as 0 ˚C and its
boiling point (at normal atmospheric pressure) as 100 ˚C.
The Kelvin scale starts with the ‘absolute zero’, the total absence of heat.
Thus 0˚C = 273.15˚K. The temperature interval is the same in both scales.
Heat Vs Temperature
Types of Heat
• Specific/ Sensible Heat –
• provides the connection between heat and temperature
• quantity of heat required to elevate the temperature of unit mass of a
substance by one degree
• Unit = J/kg.K
• Its magnitude is different for different materials

• Latent Heat –
• the amount of heat (energy) absorbed by unit mass of the substance at
change of state without any change in temperature
• Unit = J/kg
• Example: latent heat of fusion (ice to water) at 0◦C = 335 kJ/kg; latent heat of
evaporation at 100◦C = 2261 kJ/kg at about 18◦C = 2400 kJ/kg
Thermodynamics
• is the science of the flow of heat and of its relationship to mechanical
work.
• The first law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of energy.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed (except in subatomic processes), but
only converted from one form to another.
Heat and work are interconvertible. In any system the energy output must equal the
energy input, unless there is a +/− storage component.

• The second law of thermodynamics states that heat (or energy) transfer can
take place spontaneously in one direction only: from a hotter to a cooler body,
or generally from a higher to a lower grade state.
Thermodynamics
• Heat flow from a high to a low temperature zone can take place in
three forms: conduction, convection and radiation.
• The magnitude of any such flow can be measured in two ways:
a) as heat flow rate (Q), or heat flux, i.e. the total flow in unit time through a
defined area of a body or space, or within a defined system, in units of J/s,
which is a watt (W).
b) as heat flux density (or density of heat flow rate), i.e. the rate of heat flow
through unit area of a body or space, in W/m2.
As water flows from a higher to a lower position, so heat flows from a
higher temperature zone (or body) to a lower temperature one. Such
directional heat flow can take place in three forms:

1. Conduction
• to allow heat, light, sound and electricity to pass along through
something.
• within a body or bodies in contact, by the ‘spread’ of molecular
movement.
• Materials with low conductivity are referred to as insulating materials.
2. Convection:
• the passing on of heat within liquid, air, or gas by circulation of the
warmed parts.
• from a solid body to a fluid (liquid or gas) or vice-versa (in a broader
sense it is also used to mean the transport of heat from one surface to
another by a moving fluid which, strictly speaking, is ‘mas transfer’).
The magnitude of convection heat flow rate depends on;
• area of contact (A, m2) between the body and the fluid,
• the difference in temperature (T, in K) between the surface of the body
and the fluid,
• a convection coefficient (hc) measured in W/m2K, which depends on
the viscosity of the fluid and its flow velocity as well as on the physical
configuration that will determine whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent.
3. Radiation:
• the process of radiating light, heat or other energy.
• heat transfer is proportional to the difference of the 4th power of
absolute temperatures of the emitting and receiving surfaces and
depends on their surface qualities, measured by non-dimensional
numbers:
reflectance (ρ) is a decimal fraction indicating how much of the incident
radiation is reflected by a surface.
absorptance (α) is expressed as a fraction of that of the ‘perfect
absorber’, the theoretical black body (for which α = 1), and its value is
high for dark surfaces, low for light or shiny metallic surfaces. For
everyday surfaces it varies between α = 0.9 for a black asphalt and α =
0.2 for a shiny aluminum or white painted surface. For any opaque
surface ρ + α = 1.
emittance (ε) is also a decimal fraction, a measure of the ability to emit
radiation, relative to the ‘black body’, the perfect emitter. For an ordinary
surface α = ε for the same wavelength (or temperature) of radiation, but
many surfaces have selective properties, e.g. high absorptance for solar
(6000◦C) radiation but low emittance at ordinary temperatures (<100◦C),
Air Flow:
• It characterized by velocity, mass flow rate and volume flow rate.

• Natural air flow is caused by pressure difference: it will flow from a


zone of high pressure towards a zone of low pressure. Pressure
differences may be due to two effects:
• The stack effect and wind effect.
Air Flow:
• The stack effect
Stack effect occurs when the air inside a vertical
stack is warmer than the outside air (provided that
there are both inlet and outlet openings).
The warmer air will rise and will be replaced at the
bottom of the stack by cooler outside air.
a chimney is good example
Stack effect can also occur within a room of
significant height
The stack effect
The stack effect
The wind effect –
• are normally much more powerful.
a positive pressure-field will develop on the
windward side of a building, (where the
pressure is proportional to the square of the
velocity)
At the same time a negative (reduced) pressure
field may develop on the leeward side
the difference between the two pressures can
generate quite a strong cross-ventilation
Air Flow:
• The density of air at sea level and 15 °C (60 °F) is approximately 1.29
kg/m3 (0.08053 lb/ft3).
• Thus, the air inside a box with the dimensions of 1 × 1 × 1 m3 contains
1 kg of air.
• One ton of air has the volume of approximately 10 × 10 × 10 m3,
which is about the size of a small residential house.
The major properties of air are dependent on the listed characters
together. The ideal gas law relates these properties:
• Pressure
• Volume
• Density
• Mass
• Temperature
Humid Air: Psychrometry
• Air is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, but the atmosphere around us
is humid air, it contains varying amounts of water vapour.
• At any given temperature air can only support a limited amount of
humidity / water vapor
Humid Air: Psychrometry
Enthalpy (H) is the heat content of the air relative to 0◦C and 0 humidity
• Unit = kJ/kg , the heat content of 1kg of air

It has two components:


• sensible heat, (HS) taken up to increase the DBT (approx. 1.005 kJ/kg.K) and
• latent heat, (HL) i.e. the heat that was necessary to evaporate liquid water to
form the moisture content of the air
Specific volume of air at any condition is also shown on the chart by a set of
steeply sloping lines.
Unit = m3/kg , the volume of air occupied by 1 kg of air (at normal pressure). It is
the reciprocal of density, kg/m3.
Humid Air: Psychrometry

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