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Spatial Database

A spatial database is a relational database that has been enhanced to store and query geospatial data represented as geometric objects like points, lines, and polygons. It allows spatial operations on this data like measurements, geoprocessing functions, and predicates to query spatial relationships. Specialized indexing and algorithms are required to efficiently store, process, and analyze large geospatial datasets.

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41 views11 pages

Spatial Database

A spatial database is a relational database that has been enhanced to store and query geospatial data represented as geometric objects like points, lines, and polygons. It allows spatial operations on this data like measurements, geoprocessing functions, and predicates to query spatial relationships. Specialized indexing and algorithms are required to efficiently store, process, and analyze large geospatial datasets.

Uploaded by

Bala Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Spatial Database

I M.Tech Geoinformatics
Geographic Information System
Database
• A database is an organized collection of structured information,
or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A
database is usually controlled by a database management
system (DBMS).
• Data within the most common types of databases in operation
today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a series of
tables to make processing and data querying efficient.
• The data can then be easily accessed, managed, modified,
updated, controlled, and organized. Most databases use
Structured Query Language (SQL) to perform this.
SQL
• SQL is a programming language used by nearly all relational
databases to query, manipulate, and define data, and to provide
access control
• SQL was first developed at IBM in the 1970s with Oracle as a
major contributor
• SQL has spurred many extensions from companies such as IBM,
Oracle, and Microsoft.
Evolution
• Databases have evolved dramatically since their inception in the
early 1960s
• In the 1980s, relational databases became popular, followed by
object-oriented databases in the 1990s
• More recently, NoSQL databases came about as a response to
the growth of the internet and the need for faster speed and
processing of unstructured data
• Today, cloud databases and self-driving databases are breaking
new ground when it comes to how data is collected, stored,
managed, and utilized
Database Vs Spreadsheet
• Databases and spreadsheets are both convenient ways to store
information. The primary differences between the two are:
• How the data is stored and manipulated
• Who can access the data
• How much data can be stored
• Spreadsheets were great for a single user or small number of
users who don’t need to do a lot of incredibly complicated data
manipulation.
• Databases, on the other hand, are designed to hold much larger
collections of organized information—massive amounts,
sometimes.
• Databases allow multiple users at the same time to quickly and
securely access and query the data using highly complex logic and
language.
Spatial Database
• A spatial database is a general-purpose database (usually a
relational database) that has been enhanced to include spatial
data that represents objects defined in a geometric space,
along with tools for querying and analyzing such data.

• Characteristics:
• Geographic/Spatial database is a georeferenced spatial
database, used for storing and manipulating geographic data
• The second major functionality in a spatial database is the
addition of spatial capabilities to query the spatial data
• Several types of operations are specified by the Open Geospatial
Consortium standard (OGC):
• Measurement: Computes line length, polygon area, the distance
between geometries, etc.
• Geoprocessing: Modify existing features to create new ones, for
example by creating a buffer around them, intersecting features, etc.
• Predicates: Allows true/false queries about spatial relationships
between geometries.
• Geometry Constructors: Creates new geometries, usually by specifying
the vertices (points or nodes) which define the shape.
• Observer Functions: Queries that return specific information about a
feature, such as the location of the center of a circle.
• ‘Geospatial data’ refers to information about features on Earth’s
surface. Geospatial data is typically large, stored in complex data
types, and require specialized indexing, querying, processing, and
analysis algorithms.
• Geospatial data represents:
• Simple vector geometric objects such as points, lines, and polygons
• Complex raster data such as imagery and gridded data
• Geospatial data is made up of geometries and their cartographic
representations, called ‘attributes’. Geometries can be points,
lines, polygons, and collections of these elements.
• These geometries can have attributes like colour, line thickness
that are cartographic (for display) and other attributes like
population (inside of polygons), or items that can be measured or
scaled.

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