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Buck

A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter that uses a switching device and an inductor to produce an output voltage that is lower than the input voltage. It operates in two modes: when the switch is closed, current flows from the input through the inductor to charge it; when the switch opens, the inductor acts as a source to maintain current flow to the load. The duty cycle of the switch can be varied to control the output voltage. It can operate in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode depending on whether the inductor current falls to zero during switching.

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16 views14 pages

Buck

A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter that uses a switching device and an inductor to produce an output voltage that is lower than the input voltage. It operates in two modes: when the switch is closed, current flows from the input through the inductor to charge it; when the switch opens, the inductor acts as a source to maintain current flow to the load. The duty cycle of the switch can be varied to control the output voltage. It can operate in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode depending on whether the inductor current falls to zero during switching.

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abdul
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BUCK CONVERTER

A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter. For a DC–


DC converter, input and output voltages are both DC. It uses a
power semiconductor device as a switch to turn on and off the
DC supply to the load. The switching action can be
implemented by a BJT, a MOSFET, or an IGBT. Figure 1 shows a
simplified block diagram of a buck converter that accepts a DC
input and uses pulse-width modulation (PWM) of switching
frequency to control the switch. An external diode, together
with external inductor and output capacitor, produces the
regulated dc output. Buck, or step down converters produce an
average output voltage lower than the input source voltage.
BUCK CONVERTER OPERATION:
The operation of a buck converter happens in two modes. The
first mode is when switch Q close, and the second one is when
switch Q open. When switch Q closes, current flows from the
supply voltage Vi through the inductor and into the load, charging
the inductor by increasing its magnetic field and increasing Vo.
Diode D will be on reverse bias, thus blocking the path for
current.

An inductor reduces ripple in current passing through it and


the output voltage would contain less ripple content since the
current through the load resistor is the same as that of the
inductor. At the same time, the current through the inductor
increases and the energy stored in the inductor increases. When
Vo reaches the desired value, switch Q is open and diode D is
turned on. Figure 2 shows this mode.
When the switch Q opens, the inductor acts as a source and
maintains the current through the load resistor. During this
period, the energy stored in the inductor decreases and its
current falls. Current continues to flow in the inductor through
the diode D as the magnetic field collapses and the inductor
discharges. Before the inductor completely discharges, diode D is
open and Q is closed and the cycle repeats. It is important that
there is continuous conduction through the load for this circuit.
Figure 3 shows this mode.
CCM and DCM:
The buck converter can operate in two different modes;
continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM). The difference between the two is
that in CCM the current in the inductor does not fall to zero.

A buck converter operates in continuous mode if the current


through the inductor never falls to zero during the commutation
cycle. In DCM, the current through the inductor falls to zero
during part of the period. Practically, converter can operated in
either operation modes. Figure 4 shows CCM and DCM mode.
BUCK CONVERTER DUTY CYCLE

The ratio of output voltage, Vout to input voltage, Vin can be


adjusted by varying the duty cycle of switch Q. The longer Q is
turned on, the greater Vout will be. The duty cycle of Q is
usually called the converter’s duty cycle. If the switches and the
inductor are lossless, Vin is converted to Vout with no loss of
power and the conversion is 100% efficient. Figure 5 shows
variation of duty cycle. Duty cycle is always being presented in
percentage value. A 60% duty cycle means the power is on 60%
of the time and off 40% of the time.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL ANALYSIS:

Two state of operation is considered. First, switch Q turn on and D turn off.
After steady state condition has been reached, switch Q will turn off and D
turn on. Figure 6 shows these two operations.

By using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), the voltage across the inductor when
switch Q is closed is VL = Vi – VQ - VO

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