The Internet and the Web

• Computer network
 Technology allowing people to connect computers
• Internet
 Interconnected global computer networks (large)
 Is a set of interconnected networks.
 Type of internet (lowercase “i”)
• World Wide Web (Web)
• Subset of computers on the Internet that are connected to one another in a specific way that
makes them and their contents accessible to each other.
• Includes easy-to-use standard interfaces
• ARPANET: earliest network (became the Internet)
• Usenet: User’s News Network (1979), allows anyone to the network to read and post articles
on a variety of subjects.
• HTML: Set of codes (tags) attached to text
12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 1
 Router-based architecture of the Internet
• Routers connect networks by translating packets into standard format
• Internet backbone: Internet routers handle packet traffic along main connecting
points (backbone routers)
• Three billion packets per second

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 2

The Internet: Key Technology Concepts(imp)
Q. whats key tech behind internet/explen packet switching

i. Packet switching
• A method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets
along different communication paths as they become available, and then
reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination.
• Uses routers: special purpose computers that interconnect the computer
networks that make up the Internet and route packets to their ultimate
destination.
• Routers use computer programs called routing algorithms to ensure
packets take the best available path toward their destination.

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 3

The Internet: Key Technology Concepts (cont’d)
ii. TCP/IP communications protocol
• Protocol: a set of rules for formatting, ordering, compressing and error-checking
messages.
• TCP: Establishes the connections among sending and receiving Web computers,
handles the assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and their reassembly at
the receiving end. Controls moving of data between applications.
• IP: Provides the Internet’s addressing scheme

iii. Client/server computing

• Model of computing in which very powerful personal computers (clients) are
connected in a network with one or more server computers that perform common
functions for the clients, such as storing files, software applications, etc.

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 4

 Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP & Packet
Switching(imp)

• The Internet uses packet-switched networks and the TCP/IP communications protocol to send, route & assemble messages.
• Messages are broken into packets, and packets from the same messages can travel along different routes.

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 5

IP Address(quiz only)

• Two versions of IP currently in use.

• IPv4 Internet address (also called IP address):
• A 32-bit number expressed as a series of four separate numbers marked off
by periods, such as 64.49.254.91
• Each of the four numbers can range from 0-255.
• IPv4 the current version of IP. Can handle up to 4 billion addresses
• IPv6 (next generation of IP) will use 128-bit addresses and be able to handle
up 1 quadrillion addresses.

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 6

Domain Names, DNS, URLs
• Domain name: IP address expressed in a natural language convention called a domain name.
• Domain name system (DNS): allows numeric IP addresses to be expressed in natural language
• Example: cnet.com = 216.239.113.101
• Uniform resource locator (URL): addresses used by Web browsers to identify location of content
on the Web.

• DNS is a hierarchical namespace. Root server at the

top.

• Top-level domains  organization type or geographic

location.

• Second-level Servers organizations & individuals.

(e.g., nyu.edu)

• Third-level servers  a particular computer(s) of an

organization. (e.g., www.finance.nyu.edu)

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 7

 Commonly used domain
12/29/2023 names(learn popular
Presented few) Alam, PhD
by Md Mahbubul 8
 Electronic Mail Protocols(just read full forms)
Q. How email works? Server defn? Ans in copy
Two common protocols
• Electronic mail (e-mail)
• Formatted according to • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
common set of rules • Specifies mail message format
• Client/server structure • Describes mail administration e-mail server
• E-mail server • Describes mail transmission on the Internet
• Computer devoted to e-mail
handling • Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Stores, forwards e-mail • Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes
messages
from server
• E-mail client software • Asks if new mail arrived
• Reads and sends e-mail
• Communicates with e-mail • Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
server software
• Sends mail to user’s computer, does not
• Standardization and rules very delete
important
12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 9
Development of markup languages(just full form)
Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 10
Connectivity overview
• Bandwidth: amount of data that can travel through a communication
medium per unit of time.

o Symmetric connections, provide the same bandwidth in both

directions,
o Asymmetric connections, provide bandwidth for each direction,
 Upstream bandwidth, amount of information that can travel from the user
to the Internet in a given amount of time,
 Downstream bandwidth, amount of information that can travel from the
Internet to a user in a given amount of time.

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 11

Internet2® Project
Q. whats internet2 project? Whats its benefits?
• Advanced networking consortium of more than 350 member institutions
including universities, corporations, government research agencies, and not-
for-profit networking organizations, working in partnership to facilitate the
development, deployment and use of revolutionary Internet technologies.

• Primary goals:
• Create a leading edge very-high speed network for national research
community (100 gigabit-per-second network)
• Enable revolutionary Internet applications
• Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and application to
the broader Internet community.

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 12

Areas of Focus of Internet2®
• New networking capabilities: Projects include
• Deploying IPv6
• Developing and implementing new technologies
• Developing more effective routing practices
• Coordinating the interconnection of different components of the Internet2
infrastructure
• Creating an infrastructure to handle multicasting
• Advanced applications
• distributed computation, virtual labs, digital libraries, distributed
learning(MOOC- massive online open courses), telemedicine

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 13

Internet2®: Benefits
• IP Multicasting
• Set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a
network.
• Latency solutions
• Diffserve (differentiated quality of service) will be able to assign different levels
of priority to packets depending on type of data being transmitted.
• Guaranteed service levels
• Ability to purchase right to move data through network at guaranteed speed in
return for higher fee.
• Lower error rates
• Declining costs

12/29/2023 Presented by Md Mahbubul Alam, PhD 14