Year 8 AP2 Revision

Recap:
Look at the pictures opposite and write a
piece of information relating to it. Then,
compare your information with the person
sitting next to you.

Starter:
Read the objectives on your revision list.
Tick off those you are confident with. The
ones you don’t tick should be the focus of
your revision at home!
 Body systems revision

Put the following words in order from smallest to biggest:

Tissue
Organism
Organ
Cell
Organ system

Can you give an example of each?

Body systems 2 – cells, tissues and organs

organism A group of organ systems working e.g. human, frog, oak

largest
together. tree, orchid

A group of organs working together e.g. digestive system,

organ system to perform a specific function.
respiratory system, root
system, shoot system

A group of tissues working together

organ to perform a specific function.
e.g. heart, stomach, leaf,
flower

A group of similar cells with a e.g. muscle tissue, blood,

tissue similar structure and function. xylem, phloem
smallest

cell
The smallest structural and e.g. nerve, epithelial,
functional unit of an organism. palisade, root hair

muscle muscle circulatory

heart human
cell tissue system
Body systems 2 – lungs and gas exchange- fill in the missing words
Breathing in/ inhale
1. Diaphragm contracts and flattens
2. Intercostal muscles contract
3. Ribs move up and out
4. Volume in the lungs increases air moves in

Breathing out/ exhale

5. Diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape
6. Intercostal muscles relax
7. Ribs move in and down
8. Volume in the lungs decreases so the air is forced
out

** Common misconceptions **

Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Air is a mixture of gases. We do not breathe in oxygen and
breathe out carbon dioxide.

We breathe in air and we breathe out air, just with different

amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in it.
Body systems 2 - respiration

For movement For keeping warm

To enable muscles To keep a steady
to contract in body temperature
animals. in a cold
environment
Why do living
organisms
need energy?

For chemical
reactions
To build larger
molecules from
smaller ones
Body systems 2 – Aerobic respiration
Respiration can transfer energy in cells aerobically (with oxygen).
The word equation which represents aerobic respiration is:

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

Aerobic respiration occurs inside mitochondria continuously.

Glucose is oxidised by oxygen to transfer the energy the organism
needs to perform its functions.
Aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy from each glucose molecule.

Animal cell Electron micrograph of a mitochondrion Plant cell

Body systems 2 – Anaerobic respiration
Respiration can transfer energy in cells anaerobically (without oxygen).
During hard exercise, muscles cells are respiring so fast that the blood cannot transport enough oxygen to
meet their needs.
The muscle cells switch to use ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION to transfer energy.
Glucose is not completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water, so less energy is transferred. An end
product called lactic acid is formed. This builds up in the muscle cells.

glucose lactic acid

After exercise the lactic acid must be

combined with oxygen to convert it to
carbon dioxide. The amount of oxygen During long periods of
which must be taken in to convert all vigorous exercise the muscles
the lactic acid to carbon dioxide is become fatigued and stop
called the oxygen debt. contracting efficiently.
Body systems 2 – Anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration also occurs in plant and yeast cells.

The end products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.
glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

cells is called fermentation.
This process is economically
important in the manufacture of
alcoholic drinks and bread.
Body systems 2 – Response to exercise

During exercise the human body reacts to the increased

demand for energy. If insufficient oxygen is supplied to the
muscle cells then anaerobic respiration occurs.

The heart rate Breathing rate and breath

increases to pump volume increase. This
Why does the heart rate increase Why does breathing rate increase
oxygenated blood faster increases the amount of
during exercise?
during exercise?
through the muscle oxygen entering the
cells. bloodstream.
Task –Now we’ve been
through the slide,
summarise each of the Year 8 Revision – body systems 2
sections in 3 sentences in
the boxes below.

Lungs and breathing Respiration Levels of

Effects of exercise
organisation
Year 8 Cells and adaptations- DNA, genes and chromosomes
DNA is arranged in structures called chromosomes inside a cell’s
nucleus.
A gene is a small section on a
chromosome. Each gene
ge codes for a particular
ne
sequence of amino acids, to
make a specific protein.
A human has approximately
24 000 genes in total. Each
single chromosome is made
A human chromosome up of about 2000 genes.

In human body cells the chromosomes are normally found in

pairs. Each cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The chromosome number varies from one organism to another.
A horse has 32 pairs of chromosomes and a housefly has 12 pairs.
What are these cells?
How many
chromosomes do they
contain?

Explain why we don’t look exactly like our

Mum/Dad/brother/sister
Year 8 Cells and adaptations- Variation
Variation means that individuals in a population show differences in
characteristics. Population is the number of one species in a habitat.

Causes of
variation may be:

 differences in the  differences in the  or a combination

genes individuals have environmental of both genetic and
inherited due to conditions in which environmental
mutation, meiosis and individuals have causes.
sexual reproduction. developed.
Inherited Environmental Both

Sort these examples of variation into the

correct columns:

Blood group, weight, height, scar, tattoo,

accent, eye colour, hair style, piercing, lobed
ears
Year 8 Cells and adaptations- Variation
Human characteristics which
Identical twins are produced from the same egg and sperm. are caused by genetic
They show very little or no genetic variation. One twin has a variation are:
scar and this is environmental variation.
Eye colour
Natural hair colour
Nose shape
Ear lobe shape
Blood group

Human characteristics
influenced by the
environment are:

Factors which are influenced by both genetic and Hair length

environmental variation are: Accents
skin colour (can be tanned), Tattoos
weight (can be affected by food availability), Scars
being athletic. Language spoken
Animals compete with each other for these things.
This cheetah competes with
other cheetah (and other
animals) for food.

What adaptations might plants have to How is it well adapted to get

compete for water, space, light and food?
minerals?

• Fast runner
• Camouflaged to sneak up
on prey
• Sharp teeth
• Eyes on front of head to see
prey
Separating techniques – Which methods of separation are being
shown?
Filtration

If a mixture is made up of an insoluble solid and

a liquid it can be separated by passing it through
a filter. The filter will catch the solid residue and
the filtrate will pass through.

Crystallisation

If a mixture is a solution and the solid has

dissolved, you can heat the solution so that the
solute evaporates. This will leave the crystals of
the solute behind.
Separating techniques

Crystallisation allows us to separate out the

solute but the solvent evaporates into the
atmosphere.

Distillation allows us to separate liquid mixtures

based on the different boiling points.

1. Heat the solution mixture

2. The liquid with the lowest boiling point
evaporates and the vapour rises
3. The vapour enters the condenser where it
cools and condenses back to a liquid
4. The pure liquid is collected in the flask at the
end
Separating techniques
Position solvent
reaches
Chromatography can be used to separate
mixtures. Parts of mixture
separated

The ratio of the distance moved by a

compound (centre of spot from origin) can be
expressed as it’s Rf value:
Rf = distance moved by substance
distance moved by solvent
You can then use the Rf values or the position of Mixture to be
the spots on the paper to find out what is in the separated

substance you are testing.

Solvent

Chromatography can be used to identify the different compounds in a mixture e.g. identifying different
drugs in a urine sample, identifying types of paint left at a crime scene, identifying food colourings in
certain foods.
Match up the correct method of separation
with the substances to be separated
• Separating water
from inky water

• Separating dissolved
salt from water

• Separating sand
from water

• Identifying colours
in sweets
 ENERGY REVISION
An energy system is a group of objects that have the ability to do work.
Remember: energy can not be created or destroyed so when work is done, energy from one store is
carried along a pathway to another energy store.

Consider the energy flow diagram for an electric shaver.

The battery has a store of chemical energy.
The current flows through an electrical pathway
to the motor.
Energy from the motor follows a mechanical
pathway to a kinetic store of the moving
blades, a heat pathway to a thermal store and a
radiation pathway to a sound store.
mechanical Kinetic
electrical
Chemical Motor heat Thermal

radiation Sound
Complete the energy
transfer diagrams.
Can you think of some
of your own?
Year 7 - Types of energy
Energy stores Examples
Chemical In food, fuel and electric batteries
Kinetic In moving objects
Gravitational potential In objects raised above a planets surface
Elastic potential In a stretched, compressed or twisted object
Internal (thermal) In any heated object
Magnetic In any object with a magnetic field
Electrostatic In electrostatic forces between charges
Nuclear The forces acting between atomic nuclei
Force pathways include:
Mechanically – when a force acts and an object moves
Electrically – when an electric current flows
Heating – a temperature difference between objects
Radiation – electromagnetic waves or sound
Year 7 - Energy transfer
Energy cannot be created
or destroyed, just
transferred from one place
to another. Can you
complete the diagrams
below to show where the
energy has been
transferred to?
 “Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one place to another.”

Heat energy can be transferred through liquids, solids and to the atmosphere in three ways.

Match up the key word with the description:

Heat transfer in liquids and gases. Particles that gain

heat energy become less dense and rise, being
CONDUCTION
replaced by cooler particles

Heat transfer in solids. Particles gain energy and

vibrate, passing on heat energy to neighbouring
CONVECTION particles

Energy transfer that does not require particles.

RADIATION
Energy – Transfer of heat energy

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one place to another.”

Heat energy can be transferred through liquids, solids and to the atmosphere in three ways.
Energy – Transfer of heat energy

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one place to another.”

Heat energy can be transferred through liquids, solids and to the atmosphere in three ways.

Convection in liquids and gases

Energy – Transfer of heat energy

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one place to another.”

Heat energy can be transferred through liquids, solids and to the atmosphere in three ways.
Energy – Sources of energy

Non-renewable energy sources are those which will eventually run out. New
supplies are more difficult to find and extract.
Write a definition for “renewable” and “non-
Renewable energy sources are those which can replenish themselves in the
shortrenewable”
term, and so willenergy. Can you give an example of
never run out.
each?
Nuclear energy resources are technically non-renewable but they can be
produced all of the time.
Energy – Sources of energy
Describe the advantages
ENERGY RESOURCES
and disadvantages of
Non-renewable these energy types
Coal
Fossil fuels
Oil They are becoming more difficult to find and extract
Gas
Nuclear Plentiful but difficult to extract / purify
Renewable
Bio-fuel Plant matter usually used as a fuel
Wind Turbines spin a generator to produce electricity
Hydro-electric Falling water spins a turbine to produce electricity
Geothermal Hot rocks underground produce steam
Tides Rise and fall of the tide can be used to turn a turbine
Sun To directly heat things or produce electricity
Waves Up and down movement can turn turbines
Create a revision mind map to help you revise
at home