The body system that serves as a support

framework, protects vital organs, works with

muscles to produce movement, and produces
blood cells.

Major functions of skeletal system:

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Blood cell production
 extracellular matrix of bone contains
collagen and minerals, including calcium
and phosphate.

Calcium phosphate crystals

(hydroxyapatite)
SHAPE CLASSIFICATION OF
BONE

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
LONG BONES

-Longer than they are wide

-shape enhances their function in movement of
appendages
-upper and lower limbs.
SHORT BONES

-Bones are approximately as

wide as they are long
-ex. Bones of the wrist and
ankle
FLAT BONES

-Have a relatively thin,

flattened shape
-ex. Bones of the skull,
sternum, ribs, scapulae
IRREGULAR BONES

-Include the vertebrae and facial bones,

which have shapes that do not fit readily into
the other three categories.
Function: providing protection while
allowing bending and flexing of certain body
regions such as spine.
Histology of bone

2 major types

COMPACT BONE (solid

matrix and cells)
SPONGY BONE (lacy
network of bone with many
small, marrow-filled spaces)
Osteons- predictable pattern of
repeating units
Lamellae- concentric rings; thin sheets
of extracellular matrix
Haversian canal- central canal
Lacunae- spaces where osteocytes are
located
Canaliculi- tiny canals , radiate from
the lacunae to the haversian canal to
provide passageways through the hard
matrix.
 SPONGY BONE

-lighter and less dense than

compact bone
-very porous
-lines the epiphyses of long
bones and lines the
medullary cavity of long
bones.

trabeculae
- Delicate interconnecting
rods or plates of bone
BONE CELLS

Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)

-formation, repair, and remodeling
Osteocytes (bone cells)
-osteoblasts become rounded by matrix
Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
-contribute to bone repair and remodeling
by removing existing bone (bone
reabsorption)
OSSIFICATION
-formation of bone by osteoblasts
Bone formation that occurs within
connective tissue membranes is
called intramembranous
ossification and bone formation that
occurs inside hyaline cartilage is
called endochondral ossification.
BONE GROWTH
-Occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae
onto existing bone or other connective tissue.

Appositional growth
-as osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the
surface of bones between the periosteum and
the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in
width or diameter
BONE REPAIR
BONE AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Three hormones:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Vitamin D
Calcitonin

PTH and vitamin D cause blood calcium

level to increase.
Calcitonin works to decrease blood
calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast
activity.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BONE
ANATOMY
AXIAL SKELETON

COMPOSED OF:
SKULL
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
THORACIC CAGE
skull
-unpaired, U-shaped bone Hyoid bone
-provides an attachment for some
tongue muscles and it is an attachment
point for neck muscles that elevate the
larynx during speech or swallowing.
Vertebral column

-central axis of the skeleton, extending

from the base of the skull to slightly past
the end of the pelvis.
Abnormal vertebral curvatures: Vertebral column
Kyphosis- abnormal posterior curvature of the spine , mostly in the upper thoracic
region, resulting in hunchback condition.
Lordosis- abnormal anterior curvature of the spine, mainly in the lumbar region,
resulting in swayback condition.
Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
-protects the vital organs Rib cage
within the thorax and
prevents the collapse of the
thorax during respiration.
 APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the girdles,
which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

PECTORAL GIRDLE/SHOULDER GIRDLE

4 BONES: 2 SCAPULAE AND 2 CLAVICLES

SCAPULA (SHOULDER BLADE)

-flat, triangular bone with 3 large fossae where muscles extending to the arm
are attached.

CLAVICLE (COLLAR BONE)

Glenoid cavity- where the head of the
humerus connects to the scapula.
Spine- runs across the posterior surface
of the scapula.
Acromion process- extends from the
scapular to form the point of the shoulder.
Coracoid process- curves below the
clavicle and provides for the attachment
of arm and chest muscles.
UPPER LIMB
Consists of the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
ARM
-region between the shoulder and the elbow
-contains the HUMERUS

Anatomical neck
-not easily accessible
Surgical neck
-more accessible site for surgical removal

Lateral to the head are two tubercles: greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
-where deltoid muscle attaches
UPPER LIMB
.

Condyles
-connect the humerus to the forearm bones
-smooth and round

Epicondyles
-provide attachment sites for forearm muscles
-rough
FOREARM
TWO BONES: ULNA AND RADIUS

Trochlear notch
-proximal end of the ulna
-fits tightly over the end of the humerus, forming most of the
elbow joint.
Olecranon process
-point of the elbow
Coronoid process
-helps complete of the ulna to the distal end of the humerus
Styloid process
-articulates with the bones of the wrist
Radial tuberosity
-where biceps brachii attaches
WRIST
-short region between the forearm and the hand.
-composed of 8 carpal bones:

So-Scaphoid
Long- Lunate
Top- Triquetrum
Part- Pisiform
Here - Hamate
Comes - Capitate
The -Trapezoid
Thumb - Trapezium
HAND
- 5 Metacarpal bones, aligned with the 5 digits: thumb and
fingers.
- Each finger consists of 3 small bones called phalanges.
PELVIC GIRDLE
Where the lower limbs attach to the body.
 LOWER LIMB
Consists of the bones of the thigh, leg, ankle
and foot.
Thigh
-region between the hip and the knee.
-contains single bone called the femur.
Patella/kneecap is a uniquely shaped bone called sesamoid bone.

Leg
-region between knee and the ankle.
2 bones: tibia and fibula
Ankle
-consists of distal ends of tibia and fibula
- prominence: medial malleolus and lateral
malleolus
 Foot

-7 tarsal bones
Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, and
navicular, and the medial,
intermediate, and lateral
cuneiforms.

Distal row:
M – medial cuneiform
I - Intermediate cuneiform
L – lateral cuneiform
C – cuboid

Proximal row:
No - navicular
Thanks - Talus
Cow - Calcaneus
 JOINTS
-AKA articulations
-classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.

Fibrous joints
-articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue.
-they have no joint cavity and exhibit little or no movement.

Sutures
-fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.

Syndesmoses
-bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments.

Gomphoses
-consists of peg fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments.
Cartilaginous joints
-unite 2 bones by means of cartilage.
-only slight movement
-connecting cartilage: hyaline cartilage (synchondroses) or fibrocartilage
(symphyses)
Synovial joints
-freely movable joints that contain fluid in a cavity.
Types of synovial joints
Types of movement

Flexion
-bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating
bones closer together.
Extension
-straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend he
articulating bones.
Hyperextension
-extension of joint beyond 180 degrees.
Abduction
-movement away from the median
Adduction
-movement toward the median
Pronation
-palm down
Supination
-palm faces up
Types of movement

Eversion
-turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally
Inversion
-turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces medially
Rotation
-turning of a structure around its long axis
Circumduction
-arm move so that it traces a cone where the shoulder joint is at the cone’s apex
Effects of Aging

Brittle bone
Likelihood of bone fractures
Lubricating synovial fluid declines
Ligaments and tendons shorten