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Chap 4

This document provides an overview of building structural systems. It discusses reinforced concrete structures, steel framed structures, timber structures, prefabricated building systems, and shell and dome structures. For each structural system, it describes the basic components and materials, structural elements, advantages and disadvantages. The document is from a course on building construction at Adama Science and Technology University in Ethiopia.

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47 views37 pages

Chap 4

This document provides an overview of building structural systems. It discusses reinforced concrete structures, steel framed structures, timber structures, prefabricated building systems, and shell and dome structures. For each structural system, it describes the basic components and materials, structural elements, advantages and disadvantages. The document is from a course on building construction at Adama Science and Technology University in Ethiopia.

Uploaded by

dawitshimelis27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Adama Science and Technology

University
School of Civil
Engineering and
Course Architecture
Title: Building Construction
Program: Civil Engineering (regular)
Course Code : CEng 3207
Credit: 3
Lecture : 2 Hrs/Wk
Lab: 3hrs/Wk
Instructor: Heaven Yeshineh
CHAPTER FOUR: BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Reinforced concrete structures


 Steel framed structures
 Timber structures
 Prefabricated building systems
 Shell and dome structures
INTRODUCTION
 Structural systems of a building support all loads and resist all constraining forces that may
be reasonably expected to be imposed on them during their expected service life, with out:
hazard to users,
dangerous deformations,
excessive side sway (drift) or
annoying vibrations.
 Loads and environmental forces acting on structural systems are:
gravity loads
wind/seismic loads
expansion/contraction of material
heat and cold and moisture and precipitation
INTRODUCTION(CONT…)
INTRODUCTION(CONT…)
 The structural systems could be either concrete, steel, timber, prefabricated element or a
combination.
 The selection of the appropriate structural system or combination of systems depends on:
Soil conditions Local construction capabilities and
The program and concept (function of a building) preferences
Applicable codes Ease of construction and schedule
Type of building Cost of the selected system
Material delivery and construction timing Appearance and aesthetic potential
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
 Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening of the mixture of
i. Binding material (cement),
ii. Fine aggregate (sand),
iii. Coarse aggregate (gravel), and
iv. water, in predetermined proportions.
 The property of concrete depend on the characteristic of the ingredients and the proportion of the mix.
 In mix proportioning workability, strength, durability and economy should be taken into
consideration.
Concrete works are classified as:
Class I - works under the direction of qualified supervisor
 Class II – works with lower level of quality
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
Advantages and disadvantages of concrete structures
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
 Reinforced concrete (RCC) is a concrete in which steel reinforcement bars have been
incorporated to eliminate the major weakness of concrete (tensile strength).
 The number, diameter, spacing, shape and type of bars to be used have to be designed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 A reinforced concrete structure is made up of many types of reinforced structural members,
including:
 footings,
 columns,
 beams,
 slabs,
 walls, and so forth
FOOTINGS
 Footings support the entire structure and distribute the load to the ground.
 The size and shape of a footing depend upon the design of the structure.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
COLUMNS
 These are the vertical load bearing members of the structural frame which transmits the beam
loads down to the foundations.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
BEAMS
 These are horizontal load bearing members which are classified as either
Main beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to the columns or
Secondary beams which transmit floor loads to the main beams.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
SLABS
 Carry the live loads of the building and transfer them to the beams.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES(CONT…)
JOINTS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
 Contraction joints: the purpose of contraction joints is to control cracking caused by
temperature changes.
 Expansion joints: Wherever expansion might cause a concrete slab to buckle because of
temperature change, expansion joints are required.
STEEL STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
 Steel is the only material which is equally strong both in tension and compression.
 Steel is suitable for all construction purposes in the present day practice.
Steel bars are used as reinforcement
Construction of steel bridges
Construction of buildings
◦ Skeleton construction
◦ Long span construction
Erection of towers, etc
The construction of a framework of structural steel involves two principal operation:
fabrication and erection.
STEEL STRUCTURE(CONT…)
STEEL STRUCTURE (CONT…)
Advantages and disadvantages of steel structures
TIMBER STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
 Wood has always been a very good construction material since olden times. And it is still
used extensively for construction purpose, railways, furniture, formwork, miscellaneous
articles, transportation.
 Wood that is suitable for structural work is called timber. It can be used as:
◦ Beams, joists and rafters ◦ Studs and posts ◦ Girders ◦ Trusses
◦ Decking ◦ Piles ◦ Structural laminated members
 The qualities of timber depend upon:
◦ Type of tree ◦ Maturity of tree ◦ Time of felling ◦ Method of seasoning
◦ Type and process of preservation
TIMBER STRUCTURE(CONT…)
Structural uses of timber
TIMBER STRUCTURE(CONT…)
Advantages and disadvantages of timber structures
PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
 Prefabrication may be in general terms defined as a continuity of production implying:
 A steady flow of demands
 Standardization
 Integration of different stages of production
 High degree of organization of work
 Mechanization to replace manual labour
 The prefabrication practice have advantages with respect to cost, time, quality, safety and
environment.
PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS (CONT…)
 Types of prefabrication approach:
 Fully Pre-fabricated Construction Method
 Partially pre-fabricated Construction Method
 Prefabrication of elements of the construction
Precast structural elements
PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS (CONT…)
Precast structural elements
PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS (CONT…)
Precast concrete buildings in Addis Ababa
• Helena Building around Lideta

Bole apartment

Bole Friendship
PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS (CONT…)
Advantages and disadvantages of precast concrete
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES
Shells
 A shell is structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area where the forces in the
shell or membrane are compressive and in the restraining edge beams are tensile.
 The main factors of shell roofs are:
The entire roof is a structural element
Basic strength is inherent in its geometrical shape and form
Comparatively less material is required than other forms of roof structure
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
Advantages:
 The curved shapes are naturally strong structures
 Allow wide areas to be spanned
 No use of internal supports
 Gives an open and unobstructed space
 Ideally suited for architectural applications
Dis advantage:
 In the case of shell structures, it is not possible to construct a floor above them.
 The labor cost required for the construction of Shell structures is more.
 There should be greater accuracy in the formwork required.
 The construction of the shell structures required Skilled labor and good supervision.
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
Types of shell structures
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
Shell structures
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
DOMES
 Domes are double curvature shells which can be rotationally formed by any curved
geometrical plane figure rotating about a central vertical axis.
 These are shells curved in two directions. They are one of the oldest types of construction.
Advantages:
 They are completely span-free
 Have high ratio of thickness to span
 Aesthetically very pleasing
 Virtually any size and number of openings are possible
 Excellent for athletic facilities, schools, auditoriums, churches, convention halls,
museums etc.
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
Dis advantages:
 The major and simplest disadvantage one can think of is that domed roof doesn't allow
to go beyond ground floor
 A non accessible roof is very less preferred
 Maintenance of domed roof is difficult
 Difficult to carry out roof top installations , for eg. setting of water storage tanks at top
or maintenance room for lifts
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
Types of dome structures
SHELL AND DOME STRUCTURES (CONT…)
Dome structures
QUIZ
1. Discuss the role of client, contractor and consultant on building construction?
2. List and discuss at least three component of site plan.
Thank you !!!

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