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Principle and Application of Public Health 11

The document discusses the principles and application of public health, including defining public health as efforts to promote population health through prevention of disease and injury. It also discusses key public health tools like epidemiology and demography, and covers topics such as measuring population health through mortality rates, life expectancy, and analyzing disease burden. Methods of collecting public health data include censuses, registration systems, and surveys.

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Caamir Dek Haybe
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
113 views18 pages

Principle and Application of Public Health 11

The document discusses the principles and application of public health, including defining public health as efforts to promote population health through prevention of disease and injury. It also discusses key public health tools like epidemiology and demography, and covers topics such as measuring population health through mortality rates, life expectancy, and analyzing disease burden. Methods of collecting public health data include censuses, registration systems, and surveys.

Uploaded by

Caamir Dek Haybe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle and application of public health

Section one: Principle of Public Health


Section two: Application of Public Health
Forms of Exam:
Quiz, assignment and participant = 25% Total exam
100%
First test based unlike questions = 35% It is your hand
Final test based dissimilar questions = 40% today if study hard
and on time all
Prepared by lectures?
Unit 1 Principles of public Health
1. Definition of public health?
Public Health is the science of promoting health, preventing
disease and premature death of a population by systematic
efforts of society, communities or individuals, usually in the
presence of limited financial resources.
It covers three key areas (but overlapping):
1. Health protection - protection against infectious diseases
and environmental threats or dangers.
2. Health improvement - target individual behavior or
promote health by education and legislation.
3. Health-care services - provide, analyses and improve/
optimize health-care services in whole population
Unit 1 Principles of public Health

Other courses related to the public health


Definition of Epidemiology and Demography
1. Epidemiology is a tool often used in public health.
It is a science analyzing the incidence, distribution,
determinants and control of diseases/health problems as
well as factors promoting health.
2. Demography is another tool often used in public health
measurement.
It is the study of the size, structure and
distribution of human populations and the factors influencing
these attributes, such as fertility, mortality and migration,
but also population health.
Unit 1 Principles of public Health
Public Health - WHO Definition
Public health refers to all organized measures (whether
public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and
prolong life among the population as a whole.
Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can
be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on
individual patients or diseases.
The three main public health functions are:
1. The assessment and monitoring health of communities
and populations at risk to identify health problems and
priorities.
Unit 1 Principles of public Health
The three main public health functions are:
2. The formulation of public policies designed to solve
identified local and national health problems and
priorities.
3. To assure that all populations have access to
appropriate and cost-effective care, including health
promotion and disease prevention services.
Prepared by
Lecturer: Abdisamad Tallaabo
Level of education: Bsc(CHC), MPH(UL) and MNFS(UniSA)
Email: [email protected]
Unit 1 Principles of public Health
Public health professionals monitor and diagnose the health
concerns of entire communities and promote healthy practices
and behaviors to ensure that populations stay healthy.
Examples of notable public health campaigns :
 Vaccination and control of infectious diseases
 Motor-vehicle safety and Safer workplaces
 Safer and healthier foods, safe drinking water
 Healthier mothers and babies, and also access to family
planning
Unit 1 Principles of public Health
Examples of notable public health campaigns:
 Coronary heart disease and stroke resulting in declining death rate

 Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard or danger

The term global public health recognizes that, as a result of


globalization, forces that affect public health can and do come from
outside state boundaries and that responding to public health issues
now requires attention to cross-border health risks, including access

to dangerous products and environmental change.


End unit one
Thanks for being here today
Class-A:
Date: 15/09/2022
Unit 3 Principles of public Health
Demography
It focus on Population Structure in terms of
population pyramid in order to know age
distribution and indicating life expectancy and
compare developed vs. developing countries.
Unit 2 Principles of public Health
3. Demography
Demography is the scientific study of the size, the structure
(composition) and the distribution of human populations,
as determined by the following factors:
 fertility (births)
 death
 migration
 also: marriage, aging, HEALTH
Demographical analysis is one of the fundamental tools to
assess the health of a population in order to improve
health, e.g. by health care changes or other public health
measures.
Population Trends (changes of population )
1. Worldwide:
99% of population growth from less developed regions
2. Fertility
a) Crude rates are summary rates based on the actual number of events
(births, deaths, diseases) in the total population over a given time period.
b) Crude birth rates= number of births in specific period/average midyear
population per 100,000.
c) Ratio: the values of x and y may be completely independent, or x may be
included in y.
d) Fertility ratio: births / 1000 women of child-bearing age in specific period
Population Trends (changes of population )
E) Total fertility rate = average births / women living to end of children bearing
years
F) Proportion: quantifies occurrences in relation to the population
 Special type of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator.
 The result is expressed as a percentage but any scaling factory can be used.
G) Rate: measures the occurrence of an event in the population over time.
 The time component is important in the definition
 Rates are often proportion
3. Mortality: children, maternal and vulnerable group mortality
Unit 2 Principles of public Health
Demography: Population Trends
4. Migration
 factors affected by migration: education, income, economy, social
interaction/isolation,
 social equity, population structure, vulnerabilities, needs of health
service!
5. Life expectancy (=> health)
 key determinant for future population patterns
 estimated from life table (age-specific mortality rates for year
group / cohort)
 result of fertility decline and increasing life-expectancy: AGING!
 >60y will triple by 2050 => health care
 ↑ due to ↑ income and knowledge
Unit 2 Principles of public Health
Demography: Population Trends
6. Health transitions
 Explain the shifts in population composition and
diseases
 Health needs change due to health and epidemiological
transitions influenced by
a) demography
b) medical therapies
c) socio-economic factors
d) sanitation and education (of women)
Unit 2 Principles of public Health
Demography: Population Trends/change
7. Disease burden
 Death rates are not enough to describe burden of
disease
 Use DALYs = loss of healthy life by mortality
and disease = disability-adjusted life year
 ↓ even though life expectancy increases
 Highlights health inequalities due to risk factors,
wealth, and social policies of states
Unit 2 Principles of public Health
• A mortality rate(death rate): is a measure of the frequency of
occurrence of death in a defined population.
• Denominator are the total population ; are commonly calculated
using either
I. The mid-interval population
II. The average population…population size fluctuates.
• Mortality rate: deaths occurring during a given time period/size
of the population among which the deaths occuredx1000
Unit 2 Principles of public Health
Demography: Methods
1. Census
The total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic,
economic and social data pertaining at (a) specified time(s) to all
persons in a defined territory Problems.
 not carried out and not comparable
 not accurate and too old
2. Registration systems
 good when compulsory
 problem with cause of death when multiple pathologies, “fashions”
3. Surveys
 sample proportion / subset of population. e.g. Demographic and
Health Surveys DHS project (women and children in developing
countries where little data available)

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