Homework:

43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 (pages 502, 503)

43. A gas sample expands from 1.0 m3 to 4.0 m3 while its pressure
decreases from 40 Pa to 10 Pa. How much work is done by the gas if
its pressure changes with volume via (a) path A, (b) path B, and (c)
path C?

W  pdV
(a)
W  pV  0  40  3  120( J )
(b)
1
W  (10  40)3  75( J )
2
or you can use
4
W  
pdV  (50  10V )dV  (50V  5V 2 ) |14  75( J )
(c)
1
W  0  pV  10  3  30( J )
44. A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to state B to
state C, and then back to A, as shown in the p-V diagram of Fig.a.
(a)-(g) Complete the table in Fig.b by inserting a plus sign, a minus
sign, or a zero in each indicated cell. (h) What is the net work done
by the system as it moves once through the cycle ABCA?

+ +
0+
- - -
ΔE int  Q  W
1 1
W  - AB  BC   2  20  20( J )
2 2
46. Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 80.0 cal is
extracted from the system as heat. In the sense of the first law of
thermodynamics, what are the values (including algebraic signs) of (a)
W, (b) Q, and (c) Eint?

(a) Won  200 J

Work done on the gas = - work done by the gas
Won = - W
W  Won  200( J )
(b) the gas released energy as heat, so Q<0:
Q  80cal  80  4.19  335.2( J )
(c) the first law of thermodynamics:
ΔE int  Q  W
ΔE int  335.2  (200)  135.2( J )
47. When a system is taken from state i to state f along path iaf in
the figure below, Q = 50 cal and W = 20 cal. Along path ibf, Q = 36
cal. (a) What is W along path ibf? (b) If W = -13 cal for the return
path fi, what is Q for this path? (c) If Eint,i = 10 cal, what is Eint,f?
If Eint,b = 22 cal, what is Q for (d) path ib and (e) path bf?

ΔE int  Q  W
(a) For path iaf:
ΔEint,iaf  Eint,f  Eint,i  Qiaf  Wiaf
For path ibf:
ΔEint,ibf  Eint,f  Eint,i  Qibf  Wibf  ΔEint,iaf

 Wibf  Qibf  (Qiaf  Wiaf )  36  (50  20)  6(cal)

(b) For path fi: ΔEint,fi  Eint,i  Eint,f  ΔEint,if  30(cal)

Qfi  ΔEint,fi  W  30  13  43(cal)

(c) For path fi: E
int,f  Eint,i  Eint,fi  10  ( 30)  40(cal)
(d) For path ibf:
Wibf  Wib  6 (cal) as Wbf  0 (constant volume)
ΔEint,ib  Eint,b  Eint,i  22  10  12(cal)
Qib  Eint,ib  Wib  12  6  18(cal)
(e) For path ibf:

Qbf  Qibf  Qib  36  18  18(cal)

48. Gas within a chamber passes through the cycle shown in the
figure below. Determine the energy transferred by the system as
heat during process CA if the energy added as heat QAB during
process AB is 25.0 J, no energy is transferred as heat during process
BC, and the net work done during the cycle is 15.0 J.

ΔE int  Q  W
For the ABCA closed cycle:
ΔE int  0
Q AB  Q BC  Q CA  W
Q CA  W - Q AB  Q BC

Q CA  15 - 25  0  10 (J)
49. The figure below displays a closed cycle for a gas (the figure is
not drawn to scale). The change in the internal energy of the gas as
it moves from a to c along the path abc is -200 J. As it moves from
c to d, 180 J must be transferred to it as heat. An additional
transfer of 80 J as heat is needed as it moves from d to a. How
much work is done by the gas as it moves from c to d?

ΔE int  Q  W
For a closed cycle:
ΔE int  0
ΔE abc  ΔE cd  ΔE da  0
ΔE abc  200 (J)
For process da: ΔE da  Q  W  80 - 0  80 (J)
ΔE cd  200  80  120 (J)
 Wcd  Q cd  ΔE cd  180  120  60 (J)
50. A sample of gas is taken through cycle abca shown in the p-V
diagram (see figure). The net work done is +1.5 J. Along path ab,
the change in the internal energy is +3.0 J and the magnitude of the
work done is 5.0 J. Along path ca, the energy transferred to the gas
as heat is 2.5 J. How much energy is transferred as heat along
(a) path ab and (b) path bc?

ΔE int  Q  W
(a) This process ab is an expansion (Vb>Va):
W  0 and W  5 J
Q ab  ΔE int  W  3  5  8 (J)
(b) We consider a closed cycle abca:
ΔE int  Q  W  0
Q ab  Q bc  Q ca  Wnet
Q bc  Wnet  Q ab  Q ca  1.5  8  2.5  9.0 (J)
 Chapter 2 Heat, Temperature and the First
Law of Thermodynamics
2.1. Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

2.2. Thermal Expansion

2.3. Heat and the Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids

2.4. Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

2.5. The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Special Cases

2.6. Heat Transfer Mechanisms

 2.6. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
There are three types of transfer of energy as heat between a
system and its environment: conduction, convection, and radiation.

2.6.1. Conduction:
Example: Leaving the end of a metal poker in a fire  its handle gets
hot because energy is transferred from the fire to the handle by
conduction.

Physical mechanism: Due to the high temperature of the poker’s

environment, the vibration amplitudes of the atoms and electrons of
the metal are relatively large, and thus the associated energy are
passed along the poker, from atom to atom during collisions between
adjacent atoms.
 •We consider a slab of face area A, thickness L,
in thermal contact with a hot reservoir TH and
a cold reservoir TC:
•Let Q be the energy transferred as heat
through the slab in time t.
•Based on experiment, the conduction rate,
which is the amount of energy transferred
per unit time, is calculated by:
Q TH  TC
Pcond   kA (Unit: W = J/s)
t L
k is called the thermal conductivity; good thermal conductors
(or poor thermal insulator) have high k-values.
 Thermal Thermal
Material conductivity Material conductivity
(Wm-1K-1)
(Wm-1K-1)
Diamond 1000
Gases
Metals
Hydrogen 0.18
Silver 428
Helium 0.15
Copper 401
Air (dry) 0.026
Gold 314
Building Materials
Aluminum 235
Window glass 1.0
Brass 109
White pine 0.11
Iron 67
Fiberglass 0.048
Steel 50
Rock wool 0.043
Lead 35
Polyurethane form 0.024
Thermal Resistance to Conduction:
A measure of a body’s ability to prevent heat from flowing through it.
L
R  ; L : the thickness of the slab
k
Good thermal insulators (poor thermal conductors) have high R-values.

Conduction Through a Composite Slab:

A composite slab consisting of two materials
having thicknesses L1 and L2, and thermal
conductivities k1 and k2.

If the transfer is a steady-state process

that is the temperature everywhere in the
slab and the rate of energy transfer do not
change with time.
k 2 A(TH - TX ) k1A(TX - TC )
Pcond  
L2 L1
 A(TH - TC )
Pcond 
L1/k1  L 2 /k 2
If the slab consists of n materials:
A(TH - TC )
Pcond  n

 (L /k )
i 1
i i

Checkpoint 7: The figure shows the face and interface temperature of

a composite slab consisting of four materials, of identical thickness,
through which the heat transfer is steady. Rank the materials
according to their thermal conductivities, greatest first.

TH  TC
Pcond  kxA
Lx

The heat transfer is steady, therefore Pa=Pb=Pc=Pd.

k a (T1 - T2 )  k b (T2 - T3 )  k c (T3 - T4 )  k d (T4 - T5 )
k bkdka kc
2.6.2. Convection:
Energy is transferred through fluid motion (gases, liquids).

Physical mechanism: When a fluid comes in contact with an object

whose temperature is higher than that of the fluid. The part of the
fluid in contact with the hot object has a temperature higher than
that of the surrounding cooler fluid, hence that fluid becomes less
dense; buoyant forces cause it rise. The cooler fluid flows to take the
place of the rising warmer fluid, producing fluid motion.
Examples: convection in the Earth’s atmosphere; in the
oceans, in the Sun.

Hurricane Felix (NASA)

 SOHO/NASA

NASA
Center for Science Education
2.6.3. Radiation:
Thermal energy is transferred via electromagnetic waves.

Physical mechanism: Thermal radiation is generated when heat from

the movement of charged particles within atoms and molecules is
converted to electromagnetic radiation.
Properties:
+ Every object whose temperature above 0 K emits thermal
radiation via electromagnetic waves.
+ No medium is required for heat transfer via radiation.
+ The rate of emitting energy of an object is given by:

rad P  σεAT
4

σ  5.6703  10 8 W m 2 K 4 : the Stefan - Boltzmann constant

ε is the emissivity of the object' s surface (values from 0 to 1)
ε  1 : an idealized blackbody radiator will absorp all the radiated energy it intercepts
A is the object' s surface area
T is the object' s surface temperature
e-education.psu.edu
 Sample Problem (p. 497)
Ld = 2 La (thickness)
White pine
kd = 5 ka (conductivity)
The heat transfer is steady
T1=250C; T2=200C; T5=-100C
T4?
T1  T2 T4  T5
kaA  kdA
La Ld

k a Ld
T4  (T1  T2 )  T5
k d La brick
Unknown material

k a (2La )
L d  2La and k d  5k a  T4  (25  20)  10  -8(0 C)
(5k a )La
Homework: 51, 54, 59, 60 (pages 503, 504)