Chapter 6

Additional Topics in
Trgonometry
 Section
6.5
Complex Numbers in Polar
Form; DeMoivre’s Theorem
 Objectives
• Plot complex numbers in the complex plane.

• Find the absolute value of a complex number.

• Write complex numbers in polar form.

• Convert a complex number from polar to rectangular form.

• Find products of complex numbers in polar form.

• Find quotients of complex numbers in polar form.

• Find powers of complex numbers in polar form.

• Find roots of complex numbers in polar form.

Inrtoduction
• The imaginary unit i is defined as . i  1, where i 2  1.
• The set of all numbers in the form a + bi with real numbers a and b, and i,

the imaginary unit, is called the set of complex numbers.

• The standard form of a complex number is a + bi.

The Complex Plane
• Just as real numbers can be represented by points on the real number
line, you can represent a complex number z = a + bi as the point (a, b) in
a coordinate plane (the complex plane).

• The horizontal axis is called the real axis

• The vertical axis is called the imaginary axis
 5 z = 3 + 4i
4
3
z = -3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 1 2 3 4 5

z = -4i
-3
z = -1 – 2i
-4
-5
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The Absolute Value of a Complex Number

• The absolute value of the complex number a + bi is

z  a  bi  a2  b2
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Polar Form of a Complex Number
• The complex number a + bi is written in polar form as
z = r (cos  + i sin  )
Where
a = r cos  ,
b = r sin  ,
tan =b/a

• The value of r is called the modulus of the complex number z, and the
angle  is called the argument of the complex number z, with 0 <  < 2
 Imaginary
axis

2
è
Real
-2 2 axis
r
-2

z = -2 – 2i
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 Products and Quotients in Polar Form
Let z1 = r1 (cos 1+ i sin  1) and z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin  2)

be two complex numbers in polar form.

Products z1z2 Quotients z1/z2

z1z2 = r1 r2 (cos ( 1 +  2) + i sin ( 1 +  2))

To multiply two complex numbers, multiply To divide two complex numbers, divide
moduli and add arguments. moduli and subtract arguments.
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DeMoivre’s Theorem
Let z = r (cos  + i sin ) be a complex numbers in polar form. If n is a
positive integer, z to the nth power, zn, is

z n  [r (cos   i sin  )]n

 r n (cos n  i sin n )
 Hala

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DeMoivre’s Theorem for Finding Complex Roots