HVAC BASICS

BUILDING SERVICES ?

• Services that should be provided in a building in

order to use that building for various purposes are
called as building services.
• Without these services we cannot use the building
for any purpose.
• These services includes electricity, air conditioning,
water supply and drainage, waste disposal, fire
fighting / protection system etc.
 MEP ?

• MEP is the significant part of building services.

• M stands for Mechanical which includes Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
• E stands for Electrical System in a building.
• P stands for Plumbing system in a building
• In addition to above said services Fire protection
system is also considered as a part of MEP
services.
 MEP

MECHANICAL FIRE
ELECTRICAL PLUMBING
(HVAC) FIGHTING
APPLICATIONS & SCOPE OF
MEP ENGINEERING
DOMESTIC
SHOW ROOMS
OFFICES
SHOPPING MALLS
BANKS
RESTAURANTS
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
CONVENTION CENTRES
CINEMA THEATRES
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
HIGH PRECISION TOOLING
CNC MACHINE OPERATIONS
HOSPITALS
LABORATORIES
CLEAN ROOMS
JOB PROFILES IN
MEP ENGINEERING
 DESIGN ENGINEER

DRAFTING ENGINEER

ESTIMATION ENGINEER

COSTING ENGINEER

MEP ENGINEER PLANNING ENGINEER

PROCUREMENT ENGINEER

EXECUTION ENGINEER

COMMISSIONING ENGINEER

MAINTENANCE ENGINEER
 HUMAN COMFORT

• Human body losses heat to surrounding by conduction,

convection, evaporation and radiation.
The rate of body heat loss is affected by five conditions.
• Air Temperature
• Air Humidity
• Air Motion
• Temperature of Surrounding objects
• Clothing
 HUMAN COMFORT STANDARDS

Human comfort depends on following factors.

• Temperature (DBT)
• Relative Humidity (RH)
• Air motion
• Air Purity
• Best Temperature Range – 22-26.5˚C- ( Summer) 73-79°F
20-23.3°C (winter) 68-74°F
• Relative Humidity – 40-60%
 HVAC

• H- Heating
• V- Ventilation
• AC- Air Conditioning
 HEATING

• It is the process of pumping hot air driven

from a boiler or furnace through a series of
ducts within a building
 VENTILATION

• It is the process of sending the stale air out from the specific
area.
• Ventilation is concerned with neither heat nor cold, but instead
works to maintain a supply of fresh air into a building, which is
both a sanitary and a safety precaution and helps to reduce
unpleasant odor.
• Natural Ventilation
• Artificial Ventilation - By means of Fan etc
Application
• Kitchen Ventilation
• Toilet Exhaust System
• Car parking Ventilation
 AIR CONDITIONING

• It is the process which cools or heats, cleans, circulates the air, freshens
the air, and controls the moisture content.
It includes condition the air to provide human comfort by
• Maintaining artificial temperature
• Relative humidity
• Purifying the air through filter
• Controlling noise level
• Regulating air movement
• Providing fresh air to improve indoor air quality.
 NEED OF AIR CONDITIONING

COMFORT
• Domestic, Show rooms, Offices, Shopping malls,
Banks, Restaurants, Bars etc.
• Industrial Applications- High Precision tooling,
CNC machine operations.
• Commercial- Industrial Applications, Hospitals,
Laboratories, Clean rooms etc
 REFRIGERATION

• It is the process of removing heat from substance

and rejecting the heat to the atmosphere which is
at a higher temperature level.

NEED OF REFRIGERATION
• It is required to provide a storage space for food
and consumables maintaining a temperature so as
to preserve them.
 HEAT

• It is the form of energy that transfers from one body to another due to a
temperature difference.
• It is defined as the energy transferred without transfer of mass across the
boundary of a system because of temperature difference between the
system and the surroundings.
• Units of heat
• BTU – British Thermal Unit in fps system
• Calorie in metric system
• 1 BTU = It is the amount of energy required to raise 1˚F of 1 lb of water.
• 1 kg = 2.2 lb
• 1 lb = .45 kg
• Kilo Calories
• It is the heat required to heat 1 Kg of water by 1°C
• 1 Kilo Calorie = 3.97 BTU
 FORMS OF HEAT.

1 .Sensible heat
• It raises the temperature of the substance. It can
be measured by ordinary thermometer.
• It can be sensed or measured.
2. Latent Heat
• It cannot be measured by ordinary thermometer. It
is a hidden heat. It is absorbed or released
whenever there is a change of phase
 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A BUILDING.

1. Conduction (Solid)
• It is the form of heat transfer through a body that occurs without any movement of
the body. It is due to molecular or electron action.
• Eg: Heat transfer through wall
2. Convection (Fluid or Air)
• It is the form of heat transfer that results from gross movement of liquid or gases.
• Eg: Heat transfer between wall and surrounding air.
3. Radiation (light)
• It is the form of heat transfer that occurs between two separate bodies as a result
of a means called electromagnetic radiation, sometimes called wave motion.
• Eg: Heat transfer from sun to earth’s surface .
 RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER

The rate at which heat is conducted through any material depends

on three factors:
• The temperature difference across which the heat flows.
• The area of the surface through which the heat flows.
• The thermal resistance of the material to heat transfer.
This can be expressed by the following equation:
Q = 1/R x A x TD
• Q = heat transfer rate, BTU/ hr
• R = Thermal Resistance of material, hr-sqft-F/BTU
• A= surface area through which heat flows, sqft
• TD = t = temperature difference across
• U = 1/R (U = Heat transfer Coefficient)
• R = R1+R2
 TEMPERATURE

• It is the degree of hotness or coolness measured by ordinary

thermometer.

Units of Temperature
• ˚C or ˚F
• F = 9/5 C + 32
or
• F = 1.8 C + 32

• C = 5/9 (F – 32)
or
• C = .55 (F-32)
 TON OF REFRIGERATION (TR)
• It is the amount of heat required to heat one thousand kg of ice
(Approx 2000 pounds) without change in temp in 24 hours
• For converting ice to water we need 144 BTU/pound (Latent heat)
• Therefore 2000 (pounds) x 144 (BTU/pound) = 288000 BTU
• Time = 24 hours.
• Therefore 288000/24 = 12000 BTU/hr

• 1 TR = 12000 BTU/hr
• 1 TR = 200 BTU/min
• 1 TR = 3025.9 Kcal/hr
• 1 TR = 3.51 KW
• 1 KW = 3412 BTU/hr
 STANDARDS IN HVAC

• ASHRAE – American Society of Heating Refrigeration & Air

conditioning Engineers.
• ISHRAE - Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration & Air conditioning
Engineers.
• ARI – Air Conditioning and refrigeration Institute.
• FM – Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
• NFPA – National Fire Protection Association.
• NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
• SMACNA – Sheet Metal and Air conditioning contractors National
Association.
• UL – Under writers Laboratories Incorporated.
• OSHA – Occupational Safety & Health Administration.
• IAQ – Indoor Air Quality.
 VOLUME OF AIR

• CFM – Cubic feet per minute

• CMH – Cubic meter per hour
• M³/s - Cubic meter per second.
• l/s - Liters per second
Conversions
• CMH = 1.7 x CFM
• CFM = 2118 x M3/s
• CFM = 2.119 x l/s
 VELOCITY

• Velocity is measured in FPM ( Feets Per minute)

• m/s (meters per second )
CONVERSION
• FPM = 196 M/S
 CONVERSIONS

• M x 3.28 = ft
• Ft x 0.3 = m
• M2 x 10.764 = ft2
• Ft2 x 0.093 = m2
• Ft2 x 144 = inch 2
• Inch x 2.54 = cm
• Inch x 25.4 = mm
• 1 m = 100 cm
• 1 ft = 12”
PSYCHROMETRY
 PSYCHROMETRY

• It is the science of properties of air. It is also called Hygrometry

• It is the study of properties of mixture of air and water vapour ( moisture)

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
• It contains relation between properties of air

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

• It is a temperature indicated by an ordinary thermometer that has a dry bulb

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
• It is defined as the actual amount of water vapour in a given volume of
moist air to the mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at
the same temperature and pressure.
• If Temp increases, RH decreases
• At saturation, WBT = DBT = DPT, RH=100%
 WET BULB TEMPERATURE

• It is the temperature of the air measured by a thermometer

whose bulb is covered with a wet wick or cloth.
• The wet bulb temperature of the air is recorded after rapidly
moving the thermometer in the air and allowing the
temperature to stabilize. It is called the wet bulb temperature
because the bulb of the thermometer is wet when the
temperature reading is taken.
• The difference between the wet bulb temperature and the dry
bulb temperature is caused by the cooling effect produced by
evaporation of moisture from the wick.
• It is used to infer the amount of moisture in the air
• The difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb is a measure
of the dryness of air. The drier the air. The greater will be the
dry bulb and wet bulb readings.
 DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
• The temperature below condensation starts is known as dew point
temperature.
• The dew point temperature is the temperature at which the air can
no longer "hold" all of the water vapor which is mixed with it, and
some of the water vapor must condense into liquid water. The dew
point is always lower than (or equal to) the air temperature.
• Unsaturated air----temp decrease------------saturated air--------temp
decrease----------condensation
HUMIDITY RATIO / specific humidity
• It is the actual amount of water vapour per pound of air
SPECIFIC VOLUME
• The volume occupied by unit weight of air. It is measured in m 3 / lb
of air.
ENTHALPY
• Total heat content in the air. It is the sum of sensible heat and
Latent heat of air.
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESS

SENSIBLE HEATING
• Heat is added to air, which causes the air temperature to
increase but without any changes in the moisture content.

SENSIBLE COOLING
• Heat is removed from air , whic`h causes air temperature to
decrease but without any changes in the moisture content

HUMIDIFICATION
• Humidification is the process of adding water vapour to air.

DEHUMIDIFICATION
• Dehumidification is the process of removal of water vapour
from the air