Machine Learning

An Introduction
The Learning Process
● Human brain processed the images - Learning

● After learning, the brain simply looked at the new images and compared the groups and
classified the image to the closest group - Classification

● If a machine has to perform the same function, we use Machine Learning

● We write programs for learning and classification

Predicting House Price
House Price prediction depends on :

● square footage
● number of rooms
● whether a house has a garden or not, and so on.

We then need to know the prices of these houses - the corresponding labels.

By leveraging data coming from thousands of houses, their features and prices, we can now train a machine
learning model to predict a new house’s price based on the examples observed by the model.

This is an example of Supervised Machine Learning

Supervised Machine Learning

Supervised Machine Learning is an algorithm that learns from labeled training data to help you predict
outcomes for unforeseen data. In Supervised learning, you train the machine using data that is well “labeled.” It
means some data is already tagged with correct answers. It can be compared to learning in the presence of a
supervisor or a teacher.

Demo : e-commerce case study

Titanic Case Study

The sinking of the Titanic is one of the most infamous shipwrecks in history.
On April 15, 1912, during her maiden voyage, the widely considered “unsinkable” .
Titanic sank after colliding with an iceberg. Unfortunately, there weren’t enough lifeboats for everyone onboard,
resulting in the death of 1502 out of 2224 passengers and crew.
While there was some element of luck involved in surviving, it seems some groups of people were more likely to
survive than others.
In this challenge, we ask you to build a predictive model that answers the question:
“what sorts of people were more likely to survive?” using passenger data (ie name, age, gender, socio-
economic class, etc).
Another Case Study
A Chinese automobile company Geely Auto aspires to enter the US market by setting up their manufacturing unit there and producing
cars locally to give competition to their US and European counterparts.

They have contracted an automobile consulting company to understand the factors on which the pricing of cars depends. Specifically,
they want to understand the factors affecting the pricing of cars in the American market, since those may be very different from the
Chinese market. The company wants to know:

● Which variables are significant in predicting the price of a car

● How well those variables describe the price of a car
Based on various market surveys, the consulting firm has gathered a large dataset of different types of cars across the Americal market.

Business Goal

You are required to model the price of cars with the available independent variables. It will be used by the management to understand
how exactly the prices vary with the independent variables. They can accordingly manipulate the design of the cars, the business strategy
etc. to meet certain price levels. Further, the model will be a good way for management to understand the pricing dynamics of a new
market.
Unsupervised Machine Learning
Unsupervised Learning is a machine learning technique in which the users do not need to supervise the model. Instead,
it allows the model to work on its own to discover patterns and information that was previously undetected. It mainly deals
with the unlabelled data.

Some applications of unsupervised machine learning techniques include:

1. Clustering allows you to automatically split the dataset into groups according to similarity.
2. Anomaly detection can automatically discover unusual data points in your dataset. This is useful in pinpointing
fraudulent transactions, discovering faulty pieces of hardware, or identifying an outlier caused by a human error
during data entry.
3. Association mining identifies sets of items that frequently occur together in your dataset. Retailers often use it for
basket analysis, because it allows analysts to discover goods often purchased at the same time and develop more
effective marketing and merchandising strategies.
Reinforcement Learning
It is a type of machine learning technique where a computer agent learns to perform a task through repeated
trial and error interactions with a dynamic environment. This learning approach enables the agent to make a
series of decisions that maximize a reward metric for the task without human intervention and without being
explicitly programmed to achieve the task – Mathworks.com

Let’s imagine you are training your dog to get the stick. Each time the dog gets a stick successfully, you offered
him a feast (a bone let’s say). Eventually, the dog understands the pattern, that whenever the master throws a
stick, it should get it as early as it can to gain a reward from a master in a lesser time.
Reinforcement Learning - Application
● Personalised product recommendation system: Personalise / customize what products need to be shown to
individual users to realise maximum sale
● Ad recommendation system: Customise / personalise what Ads need to be shown to the end user to have higher
click-through rate
● Personalised video recommendations based on different factors related to every individual
● Personalised chatbot response using reinforcement learning based on the behavior of the end user in order to
achieve desired business outcome and great user experience
● AI-powered stock buying/selling: While supervised learning algorithms can be used to predict the stock prices, it s
the reinforcement learning which can be used to decide whether to buy, sell or hold the stock at given predicted price.
● RL can be used for NLP use cases such as text summarization, question & answers, machine translation.
● RL in healthcare can be used to recommend different treatment options. While supervised learning models can
be used to predict whether a person is suffering from a disease or not, RL can be used to predict treatment options
given a person is suffering from a particular disease.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a science devoted to making machines think and act like humans. This may sound simple, but
no existing computer begins to match the complexities of human intelligence. Computers excel at applying rules and
executing tasks, but sometimes a relatively straightforward ‘action’ for a person might be extremely complex for a
computer.

For example, carrying a tray of drinks through a crowded bar and serving them to the correct customer is something
servers do every day, but it is a complex exercise in decision making and based on a high volume of data being transmitted
between neurons in the human brain.

Computers aren’t there yet, but machine learning and deep learning are steps towards a key element of this goal:
analyzing large volumes of data and making decisions/predictions based on it with as little human intervention as possible.
Machine Learning
Machine Learning(ML) : Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence focusing on a specific goal: setting
computers up to be able to perform tasks without the need for explicit programming.
What is meant by “ Without the need for explicit programming”.

Computers are fed structured data (in most cases) and ‘learn’ to become better at evaluating and acting on that data over
time.

An easy example of a machine learning algorithm is an on-demand music streaming service. For the service to make a
decision about which new songs or artists to recommend to a listener, machine learning algorithms associate the listener’s
preferences with other listeners who have a similar musical taste.

Once programmed, a computer can take in new data indefinitely, sorting and acting on it without the need for further human
intervention.
Deeplearning
In practical terms, deep learning is just a subset of machine learning. In fact, deep learning is machine learning and
functions in a similar way (hence why the terms are sometimes loosely interchanged). However, its capabilities are
different.

While basic machine learning models do become progressively better at whatever their function is, they still need some
guidance. If an ML algorithm returns an inaccurate prediction, then an engineer has to step in and make adjustments. With
a deep learning model, an algorithm can determine on its own if a prediction is accurate or not

Let’s take the flashlight example: it could be programmed to turn on when it recognizes the audible cue of someone saying
the word “dark”. As it continues learning, it might eventually turn on with any phrase containing that word. Now if the
flashlight had a deep learning model, it could figure out that it should turn on with the cues “I can’t see” or “the light switch
won’t work,” . A deep learning model is able to learn through its own method of computing—a technique that makes it seem
like it has its own brain.