Python conditionals

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Python If ... Else

Python Conditions and If statements

 Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

Equals: a == b
Not Equals: a != b
Less than: a < b
Less than or equal to: a <= b
Greater than: a > b
Greater than or equal to: a >= b
 These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if

statements" and loops.

 An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.

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If statement:

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")

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Indentation

 Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line)

to define scope in the code. Other programming languages often use
curly-brackets for this purpose.

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Example

 If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
# you will get an error

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Elif

 The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "if the previous conditions
were not true, then try this condition"
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")

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Else

 The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding
conditions.
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
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You can also have an else without the elif:

a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

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Short Hand If

 If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same
line as the if statement.
 One line if statement:

if a > b: print("a is greater than b")

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Short Hand If ... Else
 If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for

else, you can put it all on the same line:

One line if else statement:
a=2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")

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This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or Conditional
Expressions.
 You can also have multiple else statements on the same line:

 One line if else statement, with 3 conditions:

a = 330
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")

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And

 The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine

conditional statements:
 Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:

a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")

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Or

 The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine

conditional statements:
 Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:

a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

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Not

 The not keyword is a logical operator, and is used to reverse the

result of the conditional statement:

 Test if a is NOT greater than b:

a = 33
b = 200
if not a > b:
print("a is NOT greater than b")
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Nested If

 You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested

if statements.
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
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The pass Statement

 if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if

statement with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting
an error.
a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
pass

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Python Loops

 Python has two primitive loop commands:

 while loops
 for loops

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The while Loop

 With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a

condition is true.
while condition:
execute this code in the loop's body
Print i as long as i is less than 30:
 Note: remember to increment i, or else the loop will continue

forever.

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19
 in this example we need to define an indexing variable, i, which we
set to 1.
i=1
while i < 30:
print(i)
i += 1
 Note: remember to increment i, or else the loop will continue

forever.
 The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this

example we need to define an indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.

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The break Statement

 With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while
condition is true:
 Exit the loop when i is 3:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1

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The continue Statement

 With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and
continue with the next:
 Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:

i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

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The else Statement

 With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the
condition no longer is true:
 Example

 Print a message once the condition is false:

i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
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Python For Loops

 A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a
tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).

 This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages,

and works more like an iterator method as found in other object-
orientated programming languages.

 With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each
item in a list, tuple, set etc

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 The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)

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The break Statement

 With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped
through all the items:
 Exit the loop when x is "banana":

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break

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The continue Statement

 With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the
loop, and continue with the next:
 Do not print banana:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)

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The range() Function

 To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can

use the range() function,
 The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0
by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified
number.

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 Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6, but the values 0 to 5.

 The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is

possible to specify the starting value by adding a parameter: range(2,
6), which means values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):

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29
 The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1,
however it is possible to specify the increment value by adding a
third parameter:
range(2, 30, 3)

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Else in For Loop

 The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be

executed when the loop is finished:
Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has
ended:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")

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 Note: The else block will NOT be executed if the loop is stopped by
a break statement.
 Break the loop when x is 3, and see what happens with the else

block:
for x in range(6):
if x == 3: break
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")

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Nested Loops

 A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.

 The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the
"outer loop":
 Print each adjective for every fruit:

adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
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The pass Statement

 for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop
with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
Example

for x in [0, 1, 2]:

pass

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