CS-6518:Cloud Computing

Unit -1
 Book Name
• Cloud Computing: Concept, Technology & Architecture by
Thomas Erl.
• The Basic of cloud computing by Derrick Rountree
• Cloud Computing for by Dummies-Judith Hurwitz
• Cloud Computing by Dr.US Pandey and Dr. Kavita Choudhary
• Cloud Computing by shailendra singh and Sunil Kumar
 Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing refers to the server that are accessed over
the internet (present at remote location)

• “ In simple term, It mean storing, managing and accessing the

data and program on the remote server that are hosted on
internet instead of occupation hard drive”.
• “ Cloud Computing is the on demand availability computer system
resources especially data storage/cloud storage and computing
power without direct active management by the user”.
 Cloud Service Provider Companies
• Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Cloud (GCP—formerly Google Cloud Platform)
• IBM Cloud (formerly SoftLayer)
• Oracle Cloud
• Alibaba Cloud
• RedHat
• Heroku
• Digital Ocean
• CloudFlare
• Linode
• Cloudways
• Rackspace
characteristics of Cloud Computing
• There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them :
• On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any
human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and
manage computing resources as needed.
• Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over
standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
• Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user
require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its
requirement gets over.
• Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications and
occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from
a same physical resource.
.
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• Measured service: The resource utilization is
tracked for each application and occupant, it will
provide both the user and the resource provider with
an account of what has been used. This is done for
various reasons like monitoring billing and effective
use of resource.

• Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security

measures to protect their users’ data and ensure the
privacy of sensitive information.
 Uses of cloud computing
• Data Backup
• Disaster recovery
• Email
• Virtual Desktop
• Software development and testing
• Big data analytics
• Customer facing application
For example- Healthcare companies
Financial service companies
Video game maker
 Types of cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that
you can deploy according to the organization's
needs-
Public Cloud
Private Cloud
Hybrid cloud
Community Cloud
 Public Cloud
• Public cloud is open to all to store and access
information via the Internet using the pay-per-
usage method.
• In public cloud, computing resources are
managed and operated by the Cloud Service
Provider (CSP).
• Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2),
IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google
App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Diagram
 Advantages of Public Cloud

• Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid
cloud.
• Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do
not need to worry about the maintenance.
• Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better
flexibility approach to consumers.
• Public cloud is location independent because its services are
delivered through the internet.
• Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of
computing resources.
• It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the
number of users.
 Disadvantages of Public Cloud
• Public Cloud is less secure because resources
are shared publicly.
• Performance depends upon the high-speed
internet network link to the cloud provider.
• The Client has no control of data.
 Private Cloud
• Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is
used by organizations to build and manage their own data center internally
or by the third party. It can be deployed using Open source tools such as
Open stack and Eucalyptus.
• Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-
• On-premise private cloud
• Outsourced private cloud

• Example - Amazon VPC, HPE, VMware, and IBM

Diagram
 Advantages of Private Cloud

• Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy

to the users.
• Private cloud offers better performance with improved
speed and space capacity.
• It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-
demand IT resources.
• The organization has full control over the cloud because it is
managed by the organization itself. So, there is no need for
the organization to depends on anybody.
• It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud
for their personal use and data security is the first priority.
 Disadvantages of Private Cloud

• Skilled people are required to manage and operate

cloud services.
• Private cloud is accessible within the
organization, so the area of operations is limited.
• Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that
have a high user base, and organizations that do
not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient
manpower to maintain and manage the cloud.
 Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and
the private cloud. we can say:
• Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud
• Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services
which are running on the public cloud can be accessed by
anyone, while the services which are running on a private
cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users.
• Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google
Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the
Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.
Diagram
 Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

• Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that

require more security than the public cloud.
• Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products
and services more quickly.
• Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to
reduce the risk.
• Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because
of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.
 Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

• In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as

good as the private cloud.
• Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because
it is difficult to manage more than one type of
deployment model.
• In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the
services depends on cloud service providers.
 Community Cloud
• Community cloud allows systems and services to be
accessible by a group of several organizations to
share the information between the organization and a
specific community. It is owned, managed, and
operated by one or more organizations in the
community, a third party, or a combination of them.
• Example: Health Care community cloud
Diagram
 Advantages of Community Cloud

• Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole

cloud is being shared by several organizations or
communities.
• Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to
have a collaborative cloud with more security features than
the public cloud.
• It provides better security than the public cloud.
• It provides collaborative and distributive environment.
• Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources,
infrastructure, and other capabilities among various
organizations.
 Disadvantages of Community Cloud

• Community cloud is not a good choice for every

organization.
• Slow adoption to data
• The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is
shared among all community members.
• Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
• Sharing responsibilities among organizations is
difficult.
 Issues in Cloud Computing

• Pay-per-use service charges: Cloud computing services are on-demand services a

user can extend or compress the volume of the resource as per needs. so you paid for
how much you have consumed the resources. It is difficult to define a certain pre-
defined cost for a particular quantity of services. Such types of ups and downs and
price variations make the implementation of cloud computing very difficult and
intricate.
• Lack of resources/skilled expertise: One of the major issues that companies and
enterprises are going through today is the lack of resources and skilled employees.
Every second organization is seeming interested or has already been moved to cloud
services. That’s why the workload in the cloud is increasing so the cloud service
hosting companies need continuous rapid advancement. Due to these factors,
organizations are having a tough time keeping up to date with the tools.
• Recovery of lost data in contingency: Before subscribing any cloud service provider
goes through all norms and documentations and check whether their services match
your requirements and sufficient well-maintained resource infrastructure with proper
upkeeping. Once you subscribed to the service you almost hand over your data into
the hands of a third party.
 Continue……………………..
• Higher Cost: If you want to use cloud services uninterruptedly then you
need to have a powerful network with higher bandwidth than ordinary
internet networks, and also if your organization is broad and large so
ordinary cloud service subscription won’t suit your organization.
• Security: Cloud-based services involve third-party for storage and
security. Can one assume that a cloud-based company will protect and
secure one’s data if one is using their services at a very low or for free?
They may share users’ information with others. Security presents a real
threat to the cloud.
Evolution of cloud computing
 Distributed Computing
• It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of
them are depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose
of distributed systems is to share resources and also use them
effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems possess
characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous
availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But
the main problem with this system was that all the systems
were required to be present at the same geographical location.
Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three
more types of computing and they were-Mainframe
computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.
 Advantages

• Resource sharing − Sharing of hardware and

software resources.
• Openness − Flexibility of using hardware and
software of different vendors.
• Concurrency − Concurrent processing to enhance
performance.
• Scalability − Increased throughput by adding new
resources.
• Fault tolerance − The ability to continue in
operation after a fault has occurred.
 Disadvantages

• Complexity − They are more complex than

centralized systems.
• Security − More susceptible to external attack.
• Manageability − More effort required for
system management.
• Unpredictability − Unpredictable responses
depending on the system organization and
network load
 Mainframe computing
•
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are
highly powerful and reliable computing machines. These
are responsible for handling large data such as massive
input-output operations. Even today these are used for
bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc.
These systems have almost no downtime with high fault
tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased
the processing capabilities of the system. But these were
very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing
came as an alternative to mainframe technology.
 Advantages

• Security
• Reliability
• Scalability
• Durability
• Virtualization
• Compatibility
 Disadvantages

• Installation
• Cost
• Physical Size
• Maintenance
• Environmental Restrictions
 Cluster Computing
• Cluster computing refers to several computers
on one network, acting as a single entity, often
performing different tasks but in the same
geographical location.
Example – Weather forecasting systems,
Google search engine, Earthquake simulation,
Petroleum reservoir simulation.
 Advantages
• Faster processing speed for overall high
performance
• Ensure computing power is always readily
available an economic choice thanks to its
scalable nature.
 Disadvantages
• Require more physical Space as more
computer operates in a single location.
• Uses more power when compared to a single
server.
 Grid Computing
• Grid Computing refers to a group of
computers that work together as part of one
system ,connected by a central network doing
similar tasks but sometimes geographically
separate.
Example- Scientific research, Organization,
Genetic research, cancer research, Financial
analysis, motion picture animation,
 Advantages
• Finish large project in a shorter amount of time
• Grid computing is modular that means if one
computer fail, the other components of a
system can continue to operate
• If you have idle server or computer is your
system a grid computing setup them to
work ,by providing them to share of a project.
 Disadvantages
• Grid computing technology is still new.
Therefore software and best practices are not
fully understood.
• You may need to run big shared memory ,
multiprocessing tasks for application that
required more memory.
• Security on these system can be questionable.
That is because the controls on member nodes
are not strictly enforced.
 Utility Computing
• Utility computing is a demand based system
therefore, computing resources are provide to
an end user on an as needed basis.
 Advantages
• An organization does not to purchase full software suits to
license or even hardware.
themselves they only need to pay for services that they actually
need.
• when you employ a utility computing mode the contracted
company is responsible for maintaining the software, and
hardware that they have created out to you
• Can help organization standardize the service offering across
department.
 Disadvantages
• It is utility computing company goes into
financial trouble. They can abruptly close
meaning you will be without vital services that
you may have already paid for
• Utility computing companies can sometimes be
attractive targets for cyber criminals since they
may also stores the data of their many clients. An
attack on this type of company can produce more
than a attack on a single organization alone.
 Cloud Computing
• In Simple term, Cloud Computing provides
data storage ,resources and power to an end
user. It is on demand and often does not
require direct management. The management
of the system is take care of by the cloud
provides themselves.
 Advantages
• A backup can save your organization plenty of
hassle in the event case of a cyber attack.
• Unlike Physical infrastructure the cloud is less
Susceptible to downtime rest with enterprise
level security.
• Reduce costs by only paying for the storage
and other service that you require.
 Disadvantages
• The cloud run on internet connection that means if
your internet goes out so to does the functional
operation of your cloud system.
• You do not have full control, infrastructure is likely
located in a data centre which can be located far
from your workshop even in another country check
local government regulations on offshore data
storage
• Check on your provider’s security track records to
get a better idea on their history of data safety.
Trends in Cloud Computing
 Continue………………
• The Growth of Serverless Computing
Serverless computing is a cloud approach in which the customer doesn’t have to deal
with infrastructure administration and server provisioning. Instead, the cloud service
providers manage the supporting infrastructure and distribute computing power
following the demand
• Even More Adoptions for AI and ML
All machine learning and AI platforms need a lot of processing power and data
bandwidth, and the cloud is the most cost-effective approach to get these resources.
AI and ML technologies complement each other.
Cloud computing plays a vital role in creating two emerging AI technologies.
• Creative Algorithms: These software tools use machine learning to produce
everything from artificial data to works of art. These algorithms can also use to train
different AI systems.
• Language Modeling: Programs that understand human languages more accurately
are a technology that is expected to change how companies communicate with their
customers.
 Continue…………………..
• Deploying to the Edge
Edge computing is a new method of processing data that doesn’t conduct
activities inside a data center. Instead, processing and storing data occurs on
specialized hardware at or close to the network’s edge.
Every edge server has different storage capabilities, networking, and
computing, allowing it to perform the following tasks:
• Security
• Network switching and routing
• Load balancing
• Kubernetes and Blockchain
Kubernetes is a technology that offers a tamper-proof digital ledger that can
record data without depending on a centralized authority. Blockchain
technology is a game-changer but has scaling issues, particularly massive
data management and storage.
 Continue……………………..
• More Focus on Cloud Security
The main barriers to cloud adoption continue
to be issues about compliance, privacy, and
integration problems. In response, cloud
service providers are providing enhanced
cloud security trends feature.
Cloud computing vs.Traditional computing
 Unit -2
Cloud service model and virtualization
 Types of Cloud Computing

. Most cloud computing services fall into five

broad categories:
• Software as a service (SaaS)
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
• Function as a Service (FaaS)
 Software as a Service(SaaS)
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and
applications over the Internet. Instead of installing and
maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet, freeing
ourselves from the complex software and hardware management.
It removes the need to install and run applications on our own
computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of
hardware as well as software maintenance.
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on
a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service provider. Most SaaS
applications can be run directly from a web browser without any
downloads or installations required. The SaaS applications are
sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand software, or
hosted software.
 Companies
• The various companies providing Software as
a service are Cloud9 Analytics,
Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft
Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox,
and Cloud Tran.
 Advantages of SaaS

• Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.

• Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from
their web browser without needing to download and install any
software. This reduces the time spent in installation and
configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in the way
of the software deployment.
• Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
• Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software,
customers rely on a SaaS provider to automatically perform the
updates.
• Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and
features on-demand.
 Disadvantages of SaaS
• Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable
as on-premises software, meaning that users may have to work within the
constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and may not be able to tailor
the software to their specific needs.
• Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-
based, which means that they require a stable internet connection to
function properly. This can be problematic for users in areas with poor
connectivity or for those who need to access the software in offline
environments.
• Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the
security of the data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data
breaches or other security incidents.
• Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s
data, which can be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict
control over their data for regulatory or other reasons.
 Platform as a Service

• PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and

environment to allow developers to build applications and services over
the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users
simply via their web browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure.
As a result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and
software to develop or run a new application. Thus, the development and
deployment of the application take place independent of the hardware.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage,
but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment. To make it simple, take
the example of an annual day function, you will have two options either to
create a venue or to rent a venue but the function is the same.
 Companies
• The various companies providing Platform as a service are
Amazon Web services Elastic Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows
Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud.
 Advantages of PaaS

• Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the

infrastructure and other IT services, which users can access
anywhere via a web browser.
• Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-
use basis thus eliminating the expenses one may have for on-
premises hardware and software.
• Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support
the complete web application lifecycle: building, testing,
deploying, managing, and updating.
• Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with
reduced complexity thus, the overall development of the
application can be more effective.
 Disadvantages of PaaS
• Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically
manage the underlying infrastructure and take care of
maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have
less control over the environment and may not be able to make
certain customizations.
• Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS
provider for the availability, scalability, and reliability of the
platform, which can be a risk if the provider experiences
outages or other issues.
• Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to
accommodate certain types of workloads or applications, which
can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.
 Infrastructure as a Service

• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that

delivers computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to
support various operations. Typically IaaS is a service where
infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to enterprises such as
networking equipment, devices, database, and web servers.
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS
customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month. Some providers also charge customers based
on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security,
networking, and servers for developing such applications, and
services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc.
 Companies
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a
service are Amazon web services Bluestack, IBM,
Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.
 Advantages of IaaS
• Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces
ongoing cost and IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis,
typically by the hour, week, or month.
• Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less
expensive than traditional web hosting.
• Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better
security than your existing software.
• Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying
data center or the introduction of new releases of the
development or underlying software. This is all handled by
the IaaS Cloud Provider.
 Disadvantages of laaS
• Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers
typically manage the underlying infrastructure and take
care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean
that users have less control over the environment and
may not be able to make certain customizations.
• Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing
their own data and applications, which can be a
significant undertaking.
• Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible
in certain regions and countries due to legal policies.
 Anything as a Service

• It is also known as Everything as a Service.

Most of the cloud service providers nowadays
offer anything as a service that is a
compilation of all of the above services
including some additional services.
 Advantages of XaaS
• Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up
or down to meet the changing needs of an
organization.
• Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a
wide range of services, such as storage, databases,
networking, and software, which can be customized
to meet the specific needs of an organization.
• Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more
cost-effective than traditional on-premises solutions,
as organizations only pay for the services.
 Disadvantages of XaaS
• Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the
XaaS provider for the availability, scalability, and
reliability of the service, which can be a risk if the
provider experiences outages or other issues.
• Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to
accommodate certain types of workloads or applications,
which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.
• Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to
integrate with existing systems and data sources, which
can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations
 Function as a Service

• FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It

provides a platform for its users or customers to
develop, compute, run and deploy the code or
entire application as functions. It allows the user
to entirely develop the code and update it at any
time without worrying about the maintenance of
the underlying infrastructure. The developed
code can be executed with response to the
specific event. It is also as same as PaaS.
 Advantages of FaaS
• Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider
depending upon the demand.
• Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events
executed.
• Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the
entire application all at once. It allows you to write code for
independent functions or similar to those functions.
• Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about
the servers.
• Functions can be written in any programming language.
• Less control over the system
 Disadvantages of FaaS
• Cold start latency: Since FaaS functions are event-triggered,
the first request to a new function may experience increased
latency as the function container is created and initialized.
• Limited control over infrastructure: FaaS providers typically
manage the underlying infrastructure and take care of
maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have
less control over the environment and may not be able to make
certain customizations.
• Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own
data and applications, which can be a significant undertaking.
• Limited scalability: FaaS functions may not be able to handle
high traffic or large number of requests.
 Companies
• The various companies providing Function as
a Service are Amazon Web Services –
Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes, Oracle –
Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM, OpenFaaS,
 Virtualization
• Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of
something, such as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating
system or network resources".
• In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single
physical instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers
and organizations. It does by assigning a logical name to a physical storage
and providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded.
• Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware
is known as Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual machine provides an
environment that is logically separated from the underlying hardware.
• The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known
as Host Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine
Continue………………………………
 Benefits of virtualization
• More Flexible and efficient allocation of
resources.
• Enhance development productivity.
• It lowers the cost of IT infrastructure
• Remote access and rapid Scalability.
• High availability and disaster recovery
• Pay per use of the IT infrastructure on demand
• Enable running multiple operating system
 Types of Virtualization
• Hardware Virtualization.
• Operating system Virtualization.
• Server Virtualization.
• Storage Virtualization.
 Hardware Virtualization
• When the virtual machine software or virtual machine
manager (VMM) is directly installed on the hardware system is
known as hardware virtualization.
• The main job of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the
processor, memory and other hardware resources.
• After virtualization of hardware system we can install different
operating system on it and run different applications on those
OS.
• Usage:
• Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms,
because controlling virtual machines is much easier than
controlling a physical server.
 Operating System Virtualization
• When the virtual machine software or virtual
machine manager (VMM) is installed on the
Host operating system instead of directly on
the hardware system is known as operating
system virtualization.
• Usage:
• Operating System Virtualization is mainly
used for testing the applications on different
platforms of OS.
 Server Virtualization

• When the virtual machine software or virtual

machine manager (VMM) is directly installed
on the Server system is known as server
virtualization.
• Usage:
• Server virtualization is done because a single
physical server can be divided into multiple
servers on the demand basis and for balancing
the load.
 Storage Virtualization

• Storage virtualization is the process of grouping

the physical storage from multiple network
storage devices so that it looks like a single
storage device.
• Storage virtualization is also implemented by
using software applications.
• Usage:
• Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-
up and recovery purposes.
 Hypervisor
• A hypervisor is a form of virtualization software used
in cloud hosting to divide and allocate the resources
on various piece of hardware.
• The program which provide partitioning, isolation, or
abstraction is called a virtualization hypervisor.
• The hypervisor is a hardware virtualization technique
that allow multiple guest operating system (OS) to
run on single host system at the same time. A
hypervisor is sometimes also called virtual machine
manager (VMM)
 Type of –I hypervisor
• The hypervisor runs directly on the underlying
host system.
• It is also known as a “Native” or “ Bare metal”
Hypervisor.
• It does not require any base server operating
system.
• It has direct access to hardware resources.
Example- Vmware, ESXi, CitriXen server, and
Microsoft hyper-V hypervisor
Continue………………………….
 Pros
• Such kind of hypervisor are very efficient
because they have direct access to the physical
hardware resource(like CPU, Memory,
Network and physical storage)
• This causes the empowerment of the security
because there is nothing any kind of the third
party resources so that attacker couldn’t
compromise with anything
 Cons
• One problem with Type-1 hypervisor is that
they usually need a dedicated separate
machine to perform their operation and to
instruct different VM and control the host
hardware resources.
 Type -2 Hypervisor
• A host operating system run on the underlying host
system. It is also known as “ Hosted hypervisor” such kind
of hypervisor doesn’t run directly over the underlying
hardware rather they run as an application in a host
system(physical machine) Basically the software is
installed on an operating system. Hypervisor asks the
operating system to make hardware call.
Example- VM Ware player, parallel desktop
Type2 Hypervisor is very useful for engineers and
security analysis (for checking malware or malicious
source code and newly developed application.
Continue……………….
 Pros
• Such kind of hypervisor allow quick and easy
access to a guest operating system.
• Alongside the host machine running. These
hypervisor usually come with additional useful
features for guest machine such tools enhance
the coordination between the host machine and
he guest machine.
 Cons
• Here There is no direct access to the physical
hardware resources so the efficiency of these
hypervisor lags in performance as compared to
the type-1 hypervisor and potential security
risk are also there are attacker can compromise
the security weakness.
• If there access to the host operating system so
he can also access the guest OS
 Hypervisor Tool
• VMware ESX or ESXi
• Type 1 Bare Metal
• Belongs to Vmware
• Known as Mature & Stable tool
• Required License for advanced features & scalability
• Free edition available with limited features
• 5 commercial editions
• Good for enterprises
• It includes its own kernel
• Memory over commitment
• High availability
• vMotion
• Storage vMotion
• Fault Tolerance
 Microsoft Hyper V

• Belongs to Microsoft
• Type 1 Bare Metal
• Good for Small-Medium Businesses
• Good for running windows
• 4 commercial editions
• Free edition available (with no GUI and no virtualization
rights)
• Live Migration
• Storage Migration
• Dynamic memory
• Extensible virtual switch
 VMware Workstation/Fusion/Player
• Type 2 Hypervisor
• It can run only single Virtual Machine
• Not allow to create VMs
• Licensing plans
• Good for running multiple different operating systems
or versions of one OS on one desktop
• Good for labs and demonstration objectives
• Good for sandbox environments and snapshots
• Good Option for running Windows and Linux on Macs
 Oracle VM Virtual Box
• Type 2 Hypervisor
• Mature and Stable
• Belongs to Oracle Corporation
• Similar to VMware vSphere and Microsoft Hyper-V
• Alternative of expensive server and desktop virtualization
• Open-source hypervisor
• Suitable for Small-Medium Business & Enterprises
• Live migration
• Multiple host resource pools
• Automated workflows
 KVM
• Open Source
• Belongs to Red Hat, Inc.
• Mature hypervisor
• Contains the features of Type 1 & Type 2
• Suitable for Personal & Small medium solutions
• Based on Linux
• Numerous guest operating systems work with KVM (BSD, Solaris,
Windows, Haiku, ReactOS, Plan 9, and the AROS Research)
• KVM is used in products such as Redhat Enterprise Virtualization
(RHEV)
• Live migration
• Storage migration
• Configuration snapshots
Generation of Web
 What is Web 1.0

• Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web evolution.
Earlier, there were only a few content creators in Web 1.0 with a
huge majority of users who are consumers of content. Personal web
pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on
ISP-run web servers, or free web hosting services.
• In Web 1.0 advertisements on websites while surfing the internet are
banned. Also, in Web 1.0, Ofoto is an online digital photography
website, on which users could store, share, view, and print digital
pictures. Web 1.0 is a content delivery network (CDN) that enables
the showcase of the piece of information on the websites. It can be
used as a personal website. It costs the user as per pages viewed. It
has directories that enable users to retrieve a particular piece of
information. The era of Web 1.0 was roughly from 1991 to 2004.
 Design and Features

Four Design Essentials of a Web 1.0 Site Include:

• Static pages.
• Content is served from the server’s file system.
• Pages built using Server Side Includes or Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
• Frames and Tables are used to position and align the elements on a page.

Features of the Web 1.0

• Easy to connect static pages with the system via hyperlinks
• Supports elements like frames and tables with HTML 3.2
• Also has graphics and a GIF button
• Less interaction between the user and the server
• You can send HTML forms via mail
• Provides only a one-way publishing medium
 What is Web 2.0

• 2004 When the word Web 2.0 become famous due to the First Web 2.0
conference (later known as the Web 2.0 summit) held by Tim O’Reilly and
Dale Dougherty, the term was coined by Darcy DiNucci in 1999. Web 2.0
refers to worldwide websites which highlight user-generated content,
usability, and interoperability for end users. Web 2.0 is also called the
participative social web. It does not refer to a modification to any technical
specification, but to modify the way Web pages are designed and used. The
transition is beneficial but it does not seem that when the changes occur.
Interaction and collaboration with each other are allowed by Web 2.0 in a
social media dialogue as the creator of user-generated content in a virtual
community. Web 2.0 is an enhanced version of Web 1.0.
• Web browser technologies are used in Web 2.0 development and it
includes AJAX and JavaScript frameworks. Recently, AJAX
and JavaScript frameworks have become very popular means of creating
web 2.0 sites.
 Features and Usage
Features of the Web 2.0
• Free sorting of information, permits users to retrieve and classify the information collectively.
• Dynamic content that is responsive to user input.
• Information flows between the site owner and site users using evaluation & online
commenting.
• Developed APIs to allow self-usage, such as by a software application.
• Web access leads to concerns different, from the traditional Internet user base to a wider
variety of users.
Usage of Web 2.0
• The social Web contains several online tools and platforms where people share their
perspectives, opinions, thoughts, and experiences. Web 2.0 applications tend to interact much
more with the end user. As such, the end-user is not only a user of the application but also a
participant in these 8 tools mentioned below:
• Podcasting
• Blogging
• Tagging
• Curating with RSS
• Social bookmarking
• Social networking
• Social media
• Web content voting
 What is Web 3.0
• It refers to the evolution of web utilization and interaction which includes
altering the Web into a database, with the integration of DLT (Distributed
Ledger Technology blockchain is an example) and that data can help to make
Smart Contracts based on the needs of the individual. It enables the up-gradation
of the backend of the web, after a long time of focusing on the frontend (Web
2.0 has mainly been about AJAX, tagging, and other front-end user-experience
innovation). Web 3.0 is a term that is used to describe many evolutions of web
usage and interaction among several paths. In this, data isn’t owned but instead
shared but still is, where services show different views for the same web / the
same data.
• The Semantic Web (3.0) promises to establish “the world’s information” in a
more reasonable way than Google can ever attain with its existing engine
schema. This is particularly true from the perspective of machine conception as
opposed to human understanding. The Semantic Web necessitates the use of a
declarative ontological language like OWL to produce domain-specific
ontologies that machines can use to reason about information and make new
conclusions, not simply match keywords.
 Features of the Web 3.0
• Semantic Web: The succeeding evolution of the Web involves the Semantic
Web. The semantic web improves web technologies in demand to create,
share and connect content through search and analysis based on the capability
to comprehend the meaning of words, rather than on keywords or numbers.
• Artificial Intelligence: Combining this capability with natural language
processing, in Web 3.0, computers can distinguish information like humans to
provide faster and more relevant results. They become more intelligent to
fulfill the requirements of users.
• 3D Graphics: The three-dimensional design is being used widely in websites
and services in Web 3.0. Museum guides, computer games, e-commerce,
geospatial contexts, etc. are all examples that use 3D graphics.
• Connectivity: With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to
semantic metadata. As a result, the user experience evolves to another level
of connectivity that leverages all the available information.
• Ubiquity: Content is accessible by multiple applications, every device is
connected to the web, and the services can be used everywhere.