Analog Circuits

MODULE-V

COMAPRATORS & WAVEFORM

GENERATORS
 UNIT-V

COMPARATORS AND WAVEFORM GENERATORS

Comparator – zero crossing detector, schmitt trigger, free-running,
one-shot Multivibrators, sine wave generators- Barkhausen
Criterion ,phase-shift, wein-bridge oscillators, Square/Triangular, saw-
tooth wave Function Generator
COMPARATORS

1
 COMPARATORS
 An op-amp amplifier in the open loop configuration operates in a non-
linear manner

 There are a number of applications of op-amp in this mode such as

comparators, detectors, limiters.

 Comparators is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one

input of an op-amp with a known reference voltage at the other input.

 It is basically an open loop op-amp with output Vsat

2
COMPARATORS

3
 COMPARATORS
 There are two types of comparators;
(i)Non-inverting comparator
(ii)Inverting comparator

4
COMPARATORS

6
COMPARATORS

5
COMPARATORS
Inverting comparator

7
COMPARATORS

8
 COMPARATORS
 Some important applications of comparators;

(i)Zero cross detector

(ii)Window detector

(iii)Time marker generator

(iv)Phase detector

9
COMPARATORS
Zero cross detector

10
SCHMITT TRIGGER

14
SCHMITT TRIGGER

15
SCHMITT TRIGGER

16
SCHMITT TRIGGER

17
SCHMITT TRIGGER

18
SCHMITT TRIGGER

19
SCHMITT TRIGGER

20
SCHMITT TRIGGER

21
SCHMITT TRIGGER

22
SCHMITT TRIGGER

23
SCHMITT TRIGGER

24
SCHMITT TRIGGER

25
SCHMITT TRIGGER

26
SCHMITT TRIGGER

27
FREE RUNNING
OSCILLATOR

28
 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
MULTIVIBRATOR
 A multivibrator is a circuit that oscillates between two states (“HIGH” and
“LOW”) to produce a continuous output.

 There are three types of multivibrator: astable (free-running), monostable

(one-shot), and bistable (flip-flop). There are many ways of implementing each
type, and many variants.
29
 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
MULTIVIBRATOR TYPES

 Astable – A free-running multivibrator that has NO stable states but switches

continuously between two states this action produces a train of square wave
pulses at a fixed frequency.

 Monostable – A one-shot multivibrator that has only ONE stable state and is
triggered externally with it returning back to its first stable state.

 Bistable – A flip-flop that has TWO stable states that produces a single pulse
either positive or negative in value.
 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Op-amps with positive feedback can be made to operate as multivibrators. In the
op-amp multivibrator circuit the op-amp works as an analogue comparator.

 An op-amp comparator compares the voltages on its two inputs and gives a
positive or negative output depending on whether the input is greater or less than
some reference value Vref.

 The Op-amp Multivibrator is an astable oscillator circuit that generates a

rectangular output waveform using an RC timing network connected to the
inverting input of the operational amplifier and a voltage divider network
connected to the other non-inverting input.
 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 The astable multivibrator using an op amp comprises two main sections.
(i). Feedback:
(ii). Hysteresis:
 Feedback: This section of the amplifier provides frequency dependent
feedback and controls the rate at which the capacitor charges and discharges.
 It plays a major pert in determining the frequency of operation. It is governed
by the capacitor C1 and the resistor R1. It is applied to the negative input
terminal of the op amp.

33
 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Hysteresis: The hysteresis section of the astable multivibrator is formed by
the resistors R2 and R3.

 These resistors effectively form a Schmitt trigger and enable the circuit to
switch between the two states at different voltages for the positive going and
negative going voltages on the inverting input.

 The switch voltages determined by the resistors determine also have an effect
on the frequency because it takes less time for C1 to charge to a lower voltage
for switching than a larger one.

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 34

 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Assume that the capacitor is fully discharged and the output of the op-amp is
saturated at the positive supply rail. The capacitor, C starts to charge up from
the output voltage, Vout through resistor, R at a rate determined by
their RC time constant.

 However, as soon as the capacitors charging voltage at the op-amps inverting

(-) terminal is equal to or greater than the voltage at the non-inverting
terminal (the op-amps output voltage fraction divided between
resistors R1 and R2), the output will change state and be driven to the
opposing negative supply rail.

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 35

 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 But the capacitor, which has been happily charging towards the positive
supply rail (+V(sat)), now sees a negative voltage, -V(sat) across its plates.
 This sudden reversal of the output voltage causes the capacitor to discharge
toward the new value of Vout at a rate dictated again by their RC time
constant.
 Once the op-amps inverting terminal reaches the new negative reference
voltage, -Vref at the non-inverting terminal, the op-amp once again changes
state and the output is driven to the opposing supply rail voltage, +V(sat).

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 36

 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
APPLICATIONS
 As a result of their simplicity, astable multivibrators find applications in a
variety of different applications where square waves or timed intervals are
required.

 They have been used in frequency dividers as it is possible to lock them

to a frequency lower than a reference frequency.

 This principle was used in many items of electronic equipment from

televisions where the line and frame oscillators were able to synchronize
to pulses in the video signal.
ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 44
 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

EXAMPLE-1

 An op-amp multivibrator is constructed using the following

components. R1 = 35kΩ,R2 = 30kΩ, R = 50kΩ and C = 0.01uF. Calculate the circuits
frequency of oscillation.

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 45

FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
EXAMPLE-1

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 46

FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 47

FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 48

FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 49

TRIANGULAR WAVE
GENERATOR

87
TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 88

 TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

V
T

Vo(pp)
t

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 89

TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 90

TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 91

TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 92

TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 93

PROBLEMS

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 94

PROBLEMS

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 95

PROBLEMS

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 96

BARKHAUSEN
CRITERION

58
BARKHAUSEN CRITERION

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 59

PHASE SHIFT
OSCILLATOR

60
PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 61

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 62

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 63

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 64

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 65

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 66

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 67

PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

ECE204 – Analog Circuit Design 68

THANK YOU