Confectionery and

Snack Foods
Lecture 1
 Confectionery
• The term confectionery in particular, refers to a large range of food items
that are rich in sugar and often referred to as a confection or sweets
• The words candy (North America), sweets (UK and Ireland), and lollies
(Australia and New Zealand) are also used for the extensive
variety of confectionery
• Confections are somewhat low in micronutrients but rich in calories and
consumed by people from most income groups
• The variety of products is enormous, ranging from cheap, individually-
wrapped sweets, to those presented in boxes with sophisticated packaging
• Confectionery items include sweets, lollipops, candy bars, chocolate, and
other sweet items of snack food
• The term does not generally apply to cakes, biscuits, or puddings which
require cutlery to consume, although exceptions exist
• Confectionary divided into three classes
1. Chocolate confectionary
• The things made out of chocolate
2. Flour confectionary
• The items made out of flour, both short life and life products e.g., cakes and
pastries etc.
3. Sugar confectionary
• Sugar is the principal ingredient for special textural effects e.g., caramels ,toffees
and jellies etc.
 Categories of Sugar Confectionary

Some of the categories and types of Candy Confectionaries include:

• Hard candy: Based on sugars cooked to the hard-crack stage, including
suckers, lollipops, jawbreakers, lemon/peppermint drops and disks, candy
canes, rock candy, etc.
• Fudge: A confection of milk and sugar boiled to the soft-ball stage
• Toffee: (or Taffy): Based on sugars cooked to the soft-ball stage and then
pulled to create an elastic texture. It also refers to a harder substance made
from cooked sugars
• Swiss Milk Tablet: A crumbly milk-based soft candy, based on sugars
cooked to the soft-ball stage that comes in several forms, such as wafers
and heart shapes
• Licorice candy: Containing extract of the licorice root. Chewier and
more resilient than gum/gelatin candies, but still designed for swallowing.
For example, Licorice all sorts
• Chocolates: Used in the plural, usually referring to small balled centers
covered with chocolate to create bite-sized confectionery
• Halvah: Confectionery based on tahini, a paste made from ground
sesame seeds.
• Alfajor: A traditional South American cookie typically consisting of
two round sweet biscuits joined together with a sweet jam, generally some
milk jam
• Dragée: Coated almonds and other types of coated candy
Sugar free sugar confectionary
• The products that resemble sugar confectionary but are made without
sugar
• Manufactured to satisfy special dietary needs
• The manufacture of confectionary is not a science-based industry
• The scientific understanding of the process had only been acquired to
increase process efficiency
• Kopiko: A coffee flavored sweet made in Asia
• Gum/Gelatin Candies: Based on gelatins, including gum drops, jujubes,
jellybeans, gummies, etc.
• Marzipan: An almond-based confection, doughy in consistency, served in
several different ways. It is often formed into shapes mimicking (for
example) fruits or animals
• Divinity: A nougat-like confectionery, based on egg whites with chopped
nuts
• However the industry had links with the science based industries—
pharmaceuticals

• Cough sweets and similar products are legally medicines although these
are apparently confectionary

• In developed countries these products are regulated under medicines

therefore, the ingredients are specified and cannot be altered easily
• Difference in the sugar-based products depends upon manipulating the
sugar to achieve special textural effects
• This is accomplished by controlling the rate of crystallization of the sugar
and the sugar-moisture ratio
• When the sugar in confections is crystalline, the crystals may be large or
small or the sugar may be non-crystalline, that is, amorphous and or
glasslike
Bakery and Confectionery
• Bakery and confectionery are both shops that sell food items.

• The main difference between bakery and confectionery is that a bakery is a place
where baked food items are sold whereas confectionery is a place where sweet food
items are sold.

• Not all products in the bakery are sweet. Similarly, not all the sweets in the
confectionery are baked.
 Bakery

• A bakery is an establishment or shop that produces and sells food items

based on flour and baked in ovens.

• Bakeries sell food items such as bread, bagels, buns, cakes, pastries, pies,
cookies, muffins, pizza, brownies, etc.

• As seen from the above list, bakeries produce and sell both sweet and savory
food items. Bakery produces a vast variety of foods, unlike a confectionery.
• You can buy food for main meals as (bread, buns, bagels), desserts such as
cakes and pastries, snacks such as cookies and brownies. A person who
owns and maintains a bakery is known as a baker.
 Confectionery

• A confectionery is a place that sells sweets. The sweets or candy produced

in a sweets’ shop (confectionery) is also known as confectionery.
• The main difference between bakery and confectionery is that
confectionery only sells sweets.
• Although a bakery produces and sells sweet baked food items, it also sells
unsweetened food products
• Confectionery is the art of making confections, which are food items that
are rich in sugar and carbohydrates. In general, however, confectionery is
divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories:
• Bakers Confections
• Sugar Confections
Bakers' confectionery, also called flour confections, includes principally sweet
pastries, cakes and similar baked goods. Baker's confectionery excludes
everyday breads, and thus is a subset of products produced by a baker
• Sugar confectionery includes candies (also called sweets, short
for sweetmeats, in many English-speaking countries), candied nuts,
chocolates, chewing gum, bubble gum and other confections that are made
primarily of sugar.
• In some cases, chocolate confections (confections made of chocolate) are
treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar
confections. The words candy (Canada & US), sweets (UK, Ireland, and
others), and lollies (Australia and New Zealand) are common words for
some of the most popular varieties of sugar confectionery.
 Snacks
• A snack is a small portion of food generally eaten between meals.

• Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged snack foods and

other processed foods, as well as items made from fresh ingredients at
home.

• Traditionally, snacks are prepared from ingredients commonly available at

home without a great deal of preparation
 Nuts
• A Great Source of Many Nutrients
• Protein: 5 grams
• Fat: 16 grams, including 9 grams of monounsaturated fat
• Carbs: 6 grams
• Fiber: 3 grams
• Vitamin E: 12% of the RDI
• Magnesium: 16% of the RDI
• Phosphorus: 13% of the RDI
• Copper: 23% of the RDI
• Manganese: 26% of the RDI
• Selenium: 56% of the RDI
• Nuts are antioxidant powerhouses.
• Antioxidants, including the polyphenols in nuts, can combat oxidative
stress by neutralizing free radicals — unstable molecules that may cause
cell damage and increase disease risk.
• Nuts have impressive effects on cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
• Pistachios have been shown to lower triglycerides in people who are obese
and those with diabetes.
• Nuts may be one of the best foods for people with metabolic syndrome and type 2
diabetes.
• First off, they’re low in carbs and don’t raise blood sugar levels much. Thus,
substituting nuts for higher-carb foods should lead to reduced blood sugar levels.
• High in Beneficial Fiber
• Fiber provides many health benefits.
• While your body can’t digest fiber, the bacteria that live in your colon can.
• Many types of fiber function as prebiotics or food for your healthy gut bacteria.
 Delicious, Versatile, and Widely Available

• Nuts can be enjoyed whole, as nut butters, or chopped up and sprinkled on

food.
• In general, it’s healthy to eat nuts raw or toast them in the oven at a
temperature below 350°F (175°C).
• Nuts can be kept at room temperature, which makes them ideal for on-the-
go snacks and traveling. However, if you’re going to be storing them for
long, a refrigerator or freezer will keep them fresher.
 Yogurt

• Yogurt is a popular dairy product that’s made by the bacterial fermentation of milk.
• Yogurt is a nutrient-packed snack that nourishes you with a generous amount of
calcium and protein, along with B vitamins and minerals, including potassium,
phosphorus, and magnesium.
• The bacteria used to make yogurt are called “yogurt cultures,” which ferment
lactose, the natural sugar found in milk.
• This process produces lactic acid, a substance that causes milk proteins to curdle,
giving yogurt its unique flavor and texture.
• Rich in Important Nutrients
• Yogurt provides almost every nutrient that your body needs. It is especially
high in calcium, B vitamins and trace minerals.
• Yogurt, especially the Greek variety, is very high in protein. Protein is
helpful for appetite and weight control.
• Yogurt contain live bacteria, or probiotics, that were either a part of the
starter culture or added after pasteurization.
• These may benefit digestive health when consumed.
• Some types of yogurt contain probiotics, which may boost digestive
health by reducing the symptoms of common gastrointestinal disorders,
such as bloating, diarrhea and constipation.
• Yogurt provides probiotics, vitamins and minerals, all of which may boost
immune health and prevent certain illnesses.
• Yogurt contains some key nutrients for maintaining bone health,
including calcium, protein, potassium, phosphorus and, sometimes,
vitamin D.
• Regardless of its fat content, yogurt appears to benefit heart health by
increasing “good” HDL cholesterol and reducing blood pressure.
• Lactose intolerance occurs when the body lacks lactase, the enzyme
needed to break down lactose, which is the sugar found in milk.
• It leads to various digestive symptoms, such as abdominal pain and
diarrhea, after consuming milk products.
• Therefore, those with lactose intolerance may need to avoid yogurt.
• However, some people who are lactose intolerant may be able to tolerate
it.
• This is because some of the lactose is broken down during production, and
probiotics may assist with its digestion.
• Yogurt is rich in nutrients and may boost your health when consumed
regularly.
• It may help reduce the risk of some diseases, while also benefiting
digestive health and weight control.
• However, make sure to choose your yogurt wisely. For maximal health
benefits, choose plain, unsweetened varieties that contain probiotics.
 Fruits and vegetable
• Fruits and vegetable can be great snacks.
• Variety of fruits and vegetables for a quick snack or lunch to help us retain
or gain energy and balance our water intake.
• Fruits such as apples, oranges and certain berries are available throughout
the year in many supermarkets.
• When fruits are mixed with other vegetables are added to certain dishes,
they are delicious and you get an added bonus of goodness. You get more
health benefits and consume more vitamins.
• Vegetables, although many are meant to be cooked, are eatable also
uncooked.
• Many vegetables do not need to be cooked and therefore are a great choice
for snacks.
• he fresher these types of vegetables are the better they taste.
• Carrots are edible as well as tomatoes even though they are considered
fruits.
• Many needed nutrients are obtained from eating green leafy vegetables.
• These green leafy vegetables can easily add more flavors as snacks to
salad and make wonderful juices and smoothies.
 Some useful Books and Links
• Food Machinery: For the Production of Cereal Foods, Snack Foods and Confectionary By L M
Cheng
• Snack Foods Processing by Edmund W. Lusas, Lloyd W. Rooney
• Booth, R.G. 1997. Snack foods. CBS Publ. and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
• Jackson, E.B. 1995. Sugar confectionary manufactures (2nd Ed.). Blackie Academic & Professional,
Glasgow, UK.
• Srilakshmi, B. 2003. Food Science (3rd Ed.) Newage Int. Pub. Mumbai, India.
• Wilmer, A.J. and J.P. Harrington. 1991. Packaging foods with plastics. Technomic Pub. Co., Inc.
Lancaster, PA, USA.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5-iUhdFKWk