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Force and Motion

The document discusses the concepts of scalars and vectors as they relate to motion, defining key terms like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It explains how to calculate average speed and velocity using equations that take into account distance or displacement over time. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply these concepts and calculate values for physical quantities related to motion.

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Mark Jesson Soposo
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22 views

Force and Motion

The document discusses the concepts of scalars and vectors as they relate to motion, defining key terms like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It explains how to calculate average speed and velocity using equations that take into account distance or displacement over time. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply these concepts and calculate values for physical quantities related to motion.

Uploaded by

Mark Jesson Soposo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motion in One

Dimension
Prepared by: Mark Jesson L. Soposo
Scalar and Vector

You must be able to differentiate


physical quantities in terms of scalars
and vectors before discussing the
concepts of motion.
Scalar
 Are completely specified by magnitude
alone. They are described with a single
number ( including any units) indicating size,
magnitude, or dimension. Other common
scalars are temperature, mass, volume,
time, speed, and distance.
Vector
Are physical quantities that require
both magnitude and direction for their
specification. Because direction is an
important characteristic of vectors,
arrows are used to represent them.
Representation of Vector

 An arrow as shown above is the symbol used to denote


vector quantity. In this kind of arrow it represents
three major parts:
1. Tail- indicates the origin of the vector
2. Body- denotes the magnitude or the
length
3. Arrow Head- point to the direction of the
given vector
Oftentimes, cardinal points such as
North, South, West, and East are used
to specify direction.
NORTH

WEST EAST

SOUTH
Examples of some scalar and
vector quantities are shown in
Tables 6.3 and 6.4
Table 6.3 Examples of scalar quantities

SYMBOL NAME EXAMPLE


d Distance 30 m
v Speed 50 m/s
t Time 15 s
E Energy 2000 J

Legend: m=meter, s=second, J=joules


Table 6.4 Examples of vector quantities

SYMBOL NAME EXAMPLE


¯X Displacement 30 m north

¯ Velocity 50 m/s west


v
¯ Force 100 N up
F
¯ Acceleration 12 m/s² down
a

Legend: N=newton
Describing Motion

To describe the motion of an object,


there must be a change in the position
(x) with respect to a reference point.
A position or location must be
specified at all times from a reference
point. A reference point is defined as
the starting point (Origin) for
measuring motion.
Example

 Here’s another example. One Sunday morning,


Peter was going to church. To get to the church
from his house, Peter needs to walk along a
straight path. As he was walking 50 m east, he
noticed that he dropped his handkerchief along
the way, so he walked back again 20 m west to
fetch it. What was the total distance that he
travelled? What was his displacement?
Note: In figure 6.1, the delta symbol (represented by a triangle)
refers to a change or a difference in quantity. In this case, the
difference pertains to the change in position (x).
Displacement vs. Distance

 There is a distinction between distance and


displacement. Distance is the total length
travelled by an object or person. If Peter
walked from his house (reference point) 50
m east and then walked back 20 m west, his
total distance travelled is 70 m. Remember
that distance is a scalar quantity, so only the
magnitude matters. The standard unit of
distance in the SI system is the meter (m).
 Mathematically,the distance Peter travelled can
be computed by simple addition:

50 m + 20 m = 70 m
 On the other hand, displacement is a vector that
points from an object’s initial position to its final
position. It is decided by both magnitude and
direction. In symbols, this can be written as

∆x = xf – xi
Where, xf = final position of the object
xi = initial position of the object
 The symbol ∆ (Greek letter delta) means change in.
Thus, ∆x means the difference between the final and
the initial position of the object.
 The SI unit for displacement is also the meter.
Displacement is a vector quantity, wherein its
direction must be carefully considered. Because you
are dealing with motion in one dimension (i.e., along
a line), vector pointing to the right (toward the east)
or upward (north) are conventionally assigned a
positive sign, whereas vectors pointing to the left
(toward the west) or downward (south) are assigned a
negative sign.
So, Are you ready to find Peter’s
displacement? You will consider the
directions this time.
 Peterwalked 50 m east and then walked 20 m
west. A positive sign will be used for the east
and a negative sign for the west. Therefore,
the displacement will be 30 m east.
 Mathematically, this can be done by adding
integers: 50 m + (-20 m) = 30 m. Or this can be
written as 30 m east, because the eastward
direction is assigned a positive sign.
 Alternatively, using equation 6.1 and the initial
position (xi), which is 0 m , and the final position

x
( f), which is 30 m, the displacement can be
solved as follows.
Solution: ∆x = xf – xi
∆x = 30 m
–0m
∆x = 30 m
Speed vs. Velocity
 Another term associated with speed is
velocity. These terms are interchangeably
used in ordinary language; however, they
are not technically the same. Speed refers
to how far an object moves in a given time
interval. Speed indicates how fast an
object is moving without referring to the
direction of motion. Therefore, speed is a
scalar quantity.
 The average speed of an object is defined
as the distance travelled divided by the
time takes the object to travel the
distance:

Average speed= Distance travelled


time

Or, in symbols
v= d
t
Sample problem 1
 Hannah went running a distance of 120 m in 30
s. What was Hannah’s average speed?

Solution
d
v t=
v = 40 m/s
= 120 m
30 s
Sample problem 2
 Calculate
the average speed (in m/s) of a
cheetah that runs 140 meters in 5 seconds.

Solution
d
v=
t
V = 28 m/s
140 m =
5s
Sample problem 3
 Calculatethe average speed (in m/s) of
Charlie, who runs to the store 25 meters in 10
seconds.

Solution
d
v=
t V = 2.5 m/s
140 m =
5s
Velocity
 To describe how fast an object moves and the
direction of its motion, the vector concept of velocity
is needed. Velocity uses the concepts of displacement
(rather than distance travelled) and time. In equation
form this can be expressed as:
displacement
average velocity = elapsed time or, in symbols

∆x
∆tv =
Sample problem 4
 What is the runner’s average velocity if his position
changes from 15 m east to 40 m east during a three-
second time interval?

Solution displacement
elapsed time
average velocity =
Final position – initial position
v = (elapsed time)
40 m – 15 m
v=
3s v= 8.3 m/s
25 m
3s
v=
Sample problem 5
 What if the runner’s position during a three-second
time interval changes from 40 m east to 15 m east?
What is his average velocity?
Solution
displacement
average velocityelapsed
= time

Final position – initial position


(elapsed time)
v=
15 m – 40 m v = - 8.3 m/s
3s
v=
- 25 m
3s
v=
 The displacement and average velocity in
sample problem 4 are negative, which tells
you that the runner is moving west; you can
say that the runner’s velocity is 8.3 m/s
west.
Acceleration
 An object has acceleration whenever there is a rate of change in
its velocity. The velocity of a moving object may change in a
number of ways: by changing its direction, or by changing both
its speed and direction.

 Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by the


time taken to make this change:

Average accelerationchange
= in velocity or, in symbols,
elapsed time
∆v
a=
∆t
 Acceleration is also a vector, and for one-
dimensional motion, a plus or minus sign is
used to indicate direction. On the other
hand, deceleration is commonly associated
with a decreased in speed. Be careful
though: deceleration does not mean the
acceleration is necessarily negative. The SI
unit for acceleration is meter per second
squared (m/s²).

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