Engineering Thermodynamics:

Steady State, Control Volume Devices

Lecture notes by Dr. Abdalla Al-Amiri

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Modified by Dr. Eyas Mahmoud
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
 First Law Equations for Open
Systems

• •
Conservation of Mass:  mi =  m e

Conservation of Energy:
• • Ve2 Vi 2
• •
Q - W =  me he + + gze -  mi hi + + gzi
2 2

For single stream systems:

• •
m1 = m 2

• • • V2 2 – V 1 2
Q - W = m h2 – h1 + + g(z 2 – z1)
2

2
 Systematic Problem Solving Process

• Similar to process used for closed system analysis

• Draw diagram of system, noting heat and work interactions, and the sense (+/-) with
respect to control volume boundaries
• List known properties, and key assumptions (adiabatic, etc.)
• Draw property diagrams (T-v or P-v) to understand process direction
• Write out energy and mass flow equations
• Refer to key assumptions and known conditions to simplify these equations
• Obtain property values from tables, evaluation of Ideal Gas Law, etc., and insert in “1st
Law” energy and mass flow equations
• Solve for unknowns to fix states, find other properties, as required
• Audit your results for “reasonable” magnitude, +/- sense of work and heat transfer

3
Analysis of Open System Devices in
(Steady-flow Operation)

• Nozzles and Diffusers

• Turbines and Compressors
• Throttling Devices
• Mixing Chambers
• Heat Exchangers
• Pipe Flow and Duct

4
 Nozzles and Diffusers

Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so

that they cause large changes in fluid
velocities and thus kinetic energies.

5
 Characteristics of Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzle: A device which accelerates a fluid as the pressure is decreased.

Vout > Vin

Pout < Pin

Diffuser: A device which decelerates a fluid and increases the pressure.

Vout < Vin

Pout > Pin

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 Nozzles and Diffusers Analysis
Typical assumptions: *
none
Work:
essentially none, since
Heat transfer:
these devices are small in
size*
Potential energy change: none

Analysis after simplifications:

“Enthalpy to kinetic energy” balance V 2inlet - V 2exit

hexit = hinlet +
Single inlet/outlet conservation of mass 2

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

7
 Example Problem

An adiabatic diffuser is employed to reduce the velocity of

a stream of air from 250 m/s to 35 m/s. The inlet pressure
is 100 kPa and the inlet temperature is 300°C.

Determine the required outlet area in cm2 if the mass flow

rate is 7 kg/s and the final pressure is 167 kPa.

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 Example Problem Solution

Assumptions:
• SSSF (Steady state, steady flow)
• Adiabatic + no work
• potential energy is zero
• air is ideal gas
INLET
T1 = 300C OUTLET
P2 = 167 kPa
P1 = 100 kPa Diffuser
V1 = 250 m/s V2 = 35 m/s

m
• = 7 kg/s
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 Example Problem Solution

Ans.

Conservation of mass for

a single stream:
m 1  m 2  m

V1 A1 V2 A2
Since  
m 
1 2
 2
m
Solve for A2 A2 
V2

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 Example Problem Solution

Q. How do we get specific volumes?

Since P  RT

or  1  RT1 / P1 and  2  RT2 / P2

We know T1 and P1, so v1 is simple. We know P2,

but what about T2?

You Need ENERGY Equation !!!

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 Energy Equation

V22  V12
q  w  ( h2  h1 )   g ( z 2  z1 )
2

V12  V22
( h2  h1 ) 
So 2

• V1 and V2 are given. We need h2 to get T2 and v2.

• If we assumed constant specific heats (Approximate
Solution), we could get T2 directly

V12  V22
c p (T2  T1 ) 
2 12
 Example Problem Solution

Hence,  (250) 2  (35) 2  kJ

 573     602.3
 2 1045  kg

where, T1 = 300 + 273 = 573K. However, we may

also use the air tables (A-17) (Exact Solution).
Thus, we obtain h1 at T1 = 300 + 273 = 573K.
kJ
h1  578.73 Hence,
kg

kJ  (250) 2  (35) 2  m 2  3 kJ s 2  kJ

h 2  578.73   

 
2 
 10 
2 
 609.4
kg  2  s  kg m  kg

This corresponds to an exit temperature of 602.2 K 13

 Example Problem Solution

Now we can get solution.

RT2 m3
2   1.0352
P2 kg

 kg  m3 
 2 7  1.0352 
m  s  kg 
and A2  
 m  4 m 
2
V2  35  10 
2 
 s  cm 

Hence, A2 = 2070 cm2

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 Turbines and Compressors

mass
flow

Turbine Power ( + )

Heat
Transfer rate
(-)

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 Turbine
A turbine is a device in which work is produced by a gas passing over and
through a set of blades fixed to a shaft which is free to rotate.

•
Wout

• •
min mout

16
 1
7

Gas Turbine
Rotor with Turbine Outlet Casing
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 Turbines and Compressors Analysis

Typical assumptions: *

Work: + for turbine, - for compressors

Heat transfer: none if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: If inlet / exit velocities referenced,
must be included – otherwise
assume zero

Analysis after simplifications:

V 12 - V 22
Solution of 1st Law energy balance wT = (h1 - h2) +
2
Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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 Compressors, Pumps, and Fans

• Machines which do work on a fluid to raise its

pressure, potential, or speed.

• Mathematical analysis proceeds the same as

for turbines, although the signs will differ.

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 Difference Between Compressors,
Pumps, and Fans

• Compressor: used to raise the pressure of a compressible fluid.

• Pump: used to raise pressure or potential of an incompressible fluid.

• Fan: primary purpose is to move large amounts of gas, but usually has a
small pressure increase.

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 Compressor Blade Design

Compressor Blades Vanes

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 Compressor and Pump Views

Side view End view of

Compressor pump a
pump

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 Example Problem

Steam enters a turbine at 1000 psia and 1000F with a

velocity of 21.0 ft/s and leaves as a dry saturated vapor at
2 psia. The turbine inlet area is 1 ft2 and the outlet area is
140 ft2.
A) What is the mass flow (lbm/hr)?
B) What is the exit velocity (ft/s)?

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 Example Problem Solution

Draw Diagram

STATE 1 STATE 2
1
P1 = 1000 psia
T1 = 1000F P2 = 2 psia
Turbine
V1 = 21.0 ft/s x2 = 1.0

A1=1 ft 2 A2=140 ft2

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 Example Problem Solution

State assumptions
• Steady state (dm/dt = 0)
• One inlet/one outlet
• Uniform properties at inlet and outlet

Apply conservation of mass (steady state):

m  VA 1  VA 2

 VA   VA 
m      
 v 1  v  2
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 Example Problem Solution

Get property data from steam tables:

v1  0.831 ft / lbm v2  173.75 ft / lbm

3 3

ft
21.0 (1 ft 2 )
s s
m  3
(3600 )
ft hr
0.831
lbm

m  90,975 lbm / hr
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 Example Problem Solution

Exit Velocity

 VA 
m   
 v 2
ft 3 lbm
173 . 75 (90,975 )
vm lbm hr hr
V2   2
( )
A 140 ft 3600 s

V2  31.4 ft / s

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 Throttling Valves

- Cause major ΔP accompanied by large ΔT.

- Often used for Refrigeration and A/C applications. mass flow in

mass flow out

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 Throttling Valve Analysis
Typical assumptions: *

Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, if inlet and exit areas are
the same (this is a common
assumption)

Analysis after simplifications:

Enthalpy at inlet = Enthalpy at outlet

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass hinlet = hexit

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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 Throttling Valve Analysis

Note that, however, heat transfer might be significant for throttling devices
with large exposed surface area such as capillary tubes.

Also, note that:

since h2  h1  u2  P2 2  u1  P11

If P2 2  P11 then u2  u1 , i.e., T2  T1

For an ideal gases: h  h(T )  T2  T1

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 Mixing Chambers

Moderate fluid flow velocity to

~
give good mixing: Δ ke = 0

• Negligible heat losses to

m1
~
surroundings: Δ pe = 0

•
m3

• • •
• m3 = m1 + m 2
m2

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 Mixing Chamber Analysis

Typical assumptions: *

Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are
usually not high to give good
mixing

Analysis after simplifications:

• •
∑ mexit hexit = ∑ m inlet hinlet
• •
∑ mexit = ∑ minlet

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

33
 Heat Exchangers

Applications

• Automotive - radiator
• Refrigeration - evaporators/condensers
• Power production - boilers/condensers
• Power electronics - heat sinks
• Chemical/petroleum industry- mixing processes

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A/C systems & Heat Pumps:
Condensor/Evaporator

35
 Cooling Towers

A type of heat exchanger

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 Heat Exchanger Analysis

Typical assumptions: *
Work: none
Heat transfer: none – no losses to surroundings
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are not high to
permit good heat transfer
Analysis after simplifications:

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass for hot and cold fluids separately.

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

37
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
3
Surroundings

•
mhot
1 2

• • •
• • • 4
Q-W= mhot h2 + mcold h4 – mhot h3 + mcold h1
•
mcold

Enthalpy leaving Enthalpy entering

• •

mhot (h1 – h2) = mcold (h4 – h3)

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !
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Pipe and Duct Flow

Heat ( + / - )

Work ( - )

Pipe flow: liquids

ΔKE: Negligible for moderate flows & fixed diameter
ΔPE: Can be significant if vertically oriented

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 Pipe and Duct Flow Analysis

Typical assumptions* :

Work: Welectric , Wpump or Wfan ( - )

Heat transfer: gains or losses possible
Potential energy change: Possible – vertical liquid flow
Kinetic energy change: possible, but fluid velocities are
not high enough to make this
significant in most cases

Analysis after simplifications:

1st Law energy balance

Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass

*Caution: always read problem statements carefully !

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