DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Project Presentation
On

“Behaviour of Solid Blocks Using Olivine Sand”

SL NAME USN
Under The Guidance: Mr. LIKHIT M L 1 LAKSHAN NAYAKA O 1VI20CV004
Associate Professor 2 POVAS B 1VI20CV007
Vemana Institute Of Technology 3 SOHAIL AHMED BANGALORI 1VI20CV008
4 TSEWANG DOLMA 1VI21CV403
1
INTRODUCTION
Due to Rapid growth of the construction industry the demand for the river
sand has exponentially increased due to which widespread extraction of river
sand contributes to environmental degradation, including habitat disruption
and loss of biodiversity.
Therefore, this study focus on the partial replacement of River sand/M-sand
with olivine sand as alternative by which consumption of silica sand to fume
proportion can be reduced by partially replacement with olivine sand. Our
project focuses on varying the proportion of M-sand and olivine sand (80:20),
(70:30) in concrete and evaluating various properties such as, compressive Fig 1: Olivine Sand
strength, split tension and flexural strength.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (2020-2024)

 OBJECTIVE
1. To study the properties of olivine sand.
2. To study the behavior of concrete block with partial replacement of m-sand.
3. To compare the results with the cement concrete blocks.
4. To determine the optimal proportion of olivine sand yielding maximum strength in concrete.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 01
Paper type OPEN ACCESS
Name of the Publisher IOP Publishing

Year 2020
Authors N. PRABHUSHANKAR , DR. N. BALAJI.
Title Various Alternative Sources for Silica Sand, Binders and Additives in Sand Casting and their Properties – A
Review

The paragraph discusses the positive attributes of olivine sand, highlighting its lower free silica content and
good refractory properties. Despite being less durable, it is comparable in hardness to other non-silica sands.
The main focus is on exploring alternative sources as moulding materials for green sand casting to reduce
dependence on a single source. The possibility of replacing silica sand, either partially or entirely, is
considered, with the condition that suitable combinations of alternative sources are found. Extensive testing
will be conducted to confirm the viability of these alternatives for mould and core making, aiming to
diversify material options and optimize casting production.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 02
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Kilinkarsan

Year 2000
Authors Dr. Şemsettin KILINÇARSLAN, H.Ece PEHLĐVANOĞLU, Fazile PEHLĐVANOĞLU, Aysun SEVEN, Tuba
MOLLA
Title High-Temperature Fire Resistance For Concrete Using Sustainable Building

This study shows Concrete samples, including both Olivine and regular types, underwent heat treatments at
temperatures of 300 ℃, 600 ℃, and 900 ℃ for 2 hours. The weight of the samples decreased with
increasing temperature due to water evaporation. Ultrasonic experiments showed similar values for Olivine
and normal concrete up to 900 ℃. In pressure resistance tests, normal concrete lost about 70% of resistance
up to 600 ℃, while Olivine concrete showed an increase of approximately 30% in resistance at the same
temperature. However, both types experienced a significant strength loss at 900 ℃.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 03
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Modern Masonry
Year July 2021
Authors Dr.S.Kavipriya , M.Sakthivel , S.Elamathi
Title Impact of m sand and olivine sand in geo polymer concrete at ambient temperature

This study involves three trial mix proportions (50:50, 60:40, 70:30) of geopolymer concrete cast in 150 x 150 x
150 mm cubes. Tests for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were conducted on
six cubes after 28 days. Results showed consistently high early-age strength across all proportions, particularly
in the 70:30 mix. The study suggests that increasing M Sand content improves strength, with the 70:30 mix
exhibiting the desired properties. The recommended mix ratio is 70% M Sand and 30% Olivine sand, showing a
30% increase in strength compared to a 50:50 mix. This mix is deemed suitable for designing high-strength
geopolymer concrete.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 04
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Advanced Powder Technology.

Year Feb 2022

Authors Endene Emmanuel, Vivi Anggraini, Afshin Asadi.

Title An investigation on the breakage behaviour of olivine sand particles: An attainable region technique

The research investigates olivine sand particle breakage using a Los Angeles Abrasion machine, varying parameters like
olivine bed mass, grinding time, and number of grinding balls. The Geomaterials group explores olivine's use as an eco-
friendly stabilizer for weak soils, finding that reducing olivine particle size improves soil strength and hydraulic
properties. This study's significance lies in optimizing the grinding process, potentially enhancing efficiency for soil
stabilization projects.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 05
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Engineering Sciences.

Year 2016.
Authors Mohd. Ahmed, Javed Mallick, Mohd. Abul Hasan.
Title A study of factors affecting the flexural tensile strength of concrete.

In this paper we understand the test performed on mechanical properties of concrete blocks such as
Compressive Strength Test, which measures the block's ability to withstand axial loads. Another key test is
the Flexural Strength Test, assessing the block's resistance to bending forces. The Split Tensile Strength Test
evaluates the tensile strength of concrete by applying a splitting force.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 06
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Materials and Technology.
Year 25-1-2023.
Authors Sriram Pradeep Saridhe, Hareesh M, Shanmuga Priya T, Thirumalini Selvaraj
Title Role of olivine aggregate in lime and cement mortars for the sequestration of atmospheric co2

This study focuses on mitigating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the construction industry by exploring
olivine aggregate's ability to capture atmospheric CO2 in cement and lime mortars. Olivine's mineral
structure changes in an alkaline environment, allowing it to interact with atmospheric CO2 and form stable
carbonates. The study utilized analytical techniques (XRD, TGA) to analyze hydrated phases in lime and
cement mortars. Results indicate that olivine addition sequestered atmospheric CO2, particularly in lime
mortar, forming stable magnesium carbonate. This approach shows promise in reducing the environmental
impact of construction materials.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 07
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Cement and Concrete Composites
Year 2021
Authors Mercy Achang , Mileva Radonjic .
Title Adding olivine micro particles to Portland cement based wellbore cement slurry as a sacrificial material: A quest
for the solution in mitigating corrosion of wellbore cement

Olivine, investigated as an additive, exhibits reactivity in HCl solution, potentially forming carbonates and
mitigating leaching in high-pH Portland cement. This study explores wellbore cement vulnerability to acidic
geofluids, emphasizing the need for additives like olivine for enhanced resistance. The importance of
cement integrity in functions like zonal isolation and prevention of cross-contamination is highlighted.
Simulated subsurface fluid tests show olivine remains unreacted, supporting its role as a micro-sacrificial
material. The concept of self-healing and mineral carbonation further underscores olivine's potential
benefits as a cement additive.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 08
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher International Conference on Engineering, Natural and Applied Science 2021
Year November 2021
Authors Yakup Önal, Mitat Öztürk, Gökhan Altay, Ahmet Beycioglu.
Title Load-displacement behavior of serpentine and olivine obtained as waste from the mines

The study investigates the compressive strength of concrete under local pressure, focusing on the size effect
in fracture mechanics. Concrete blocks of different depths and height/depth ratios are tested under
concentrated load. The modified size effect law (MSEL) is used to analyze ultimate loads, leading to a
proposed prediction formula considering both depth and height. The formula aligns well with experimental
data, showing agreement with MSEL. Most design codes lack consideration for size effect, relying on
outdated formulas. The findings highlight the importance of addressing size effect in determining the
bearing strength of concrete, with implications for various structural applications.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 09
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering
Year April 2017
Authors Shahram Pourakbar, Mohammad Hamed Fasihnikoutalab, Richard James Ball, Bujang B. K. Huat.
Title The Effect of Olivine Content and Curing Time on the Strength of Treated Soil in Presence of Potassium
Hydroxide

he experimental investigation aims to understand the differences in strength between unfilled and filled
concrete block specimens compressed in two orthogonal directions. It examines the effects of various
concrete infill mixes on compressive and splitting strengths, as well as the mechanical properties of
materials in blockwork masonry construction. The study analyzes stress-strain curves, modulus of elasticity,
Poisson ratio, compressive and splitting strengths, shrinkage, cohesive bond, and shear strength.
Conclusions suggest that the concrete infill strength impacts the filled block specimens' strength, and testing
direction influences results. Recommendations are made for standardizing tests and considering factors like
concrete infill deformation characteristics for optimal blockwork masonry strength.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 10
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher MDPI
Year 7 December 2020
Authors Endene Emmanuel , Vivi Anggraini , Agusril Syamsir , Suvash Chandra Paul and Afshin Asadi.
Title Attainable Region Approach in Analyzing the Breakage Behavior of a Bed of Olivine Sand Particles: Optimizing
Impact Energy and Particle Size.

The study investigates the mechanical properties and behavior of high-strength concrete blocks compressive
strength > 16 MPa. The research assesses compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete block
walls subjected to axial loads. Various wall configurations, including grouted and ungrouted walls with mid-
height bond beams, were tested. Concrete blocks with compressive strengths of 16, 24, and 30 MPa were
used. Results indicate that face-shell mortar bedding is suitable, and a 20% strength reduction for face-shell
bedding compared to full mortar bedding is conservative. The study recommends a wall-to-prism strength
ratio of 0.7 for high-strength concrete masonry and provides insights for design considerations.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 11
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher GRC Transactions.
Year 2021
Authors Yunxing Lua , Mileva Radonjicb , Dustin Crandallc , Andrew P. Bunger.
Title Evidence for Self-restoration of Olivine Based Cement Under Geothermal conditions: Olivine Micro-aggregate as
Mitigation to Portland Cement Acidic Attack

This study explores the utilization of olivine micro particles as a micro-aggregate in Portland cement for
geothermal reservoir conditions (AG-HT-HP). The aim is to leverage the challenging conditions to
accelerate olivine's hydration and carbonation reactions, creating an Olivine-Based Cement (OBC) with
self-restoration ability. The OBC is designed to resist acid attacks, providing resilience to the cementing
system under AG-HT-HP conditions. The study includes triaxial and creep tests at high temperatures,
comparing mechanical and hydraulic properties of OBC with neat Class-H cement under similar curing
conditions.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Paper Number 12
Paper type Journal
Name of the Publisher Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Year 6 November 2015
Authors Mohammad Hamed Fasihnikoutalab, Afshin Asadi, Bujang Kim Huat, Paul Westgate, Richard J. Ball, Shahram
Pourakba
Title Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for soil stabilisation.

This study explores the effects of aggregate size distribution and maximum coarse aggregate size on the
compressive strength of concrete. The research focuses on the fineness modulus (FM) of both fine and coarse
aggregate, keeping other variables constant . Twelve sets of cylinders are tested with different FM values.
The results indicate that compressive strength increases with an increase in the fineness modulus of both fine
and coarse aggregate. The maximum compressive strength is observed when the FM values are 3.0 for fine
aggregate and 7.5 for coarse aggregate, with a mix ratio of 1:2:4. The research provides insights into
optimizing concrete mixtures for enhanced compressive strength.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024)

 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE
• Study shows the various alternative soruces of silica sand and their properties

• Study shows that olivine has a good refractary properties hence concrete with olivine sand has a better fire resistance upto a
certain temperature when compered normal concrete

• Study shows the mix ratio of 70% M sand and 30% olivine sand has better compressive strength when compared to other mix
ratios

• Study shows that by reducing olivine particle size the strength and hydraulic performance of soil prone to cracking can be
improved in stabilized mud blocks.

• The study explores the use of olivine aggregate in construction materials to capture atmospheric CO2, demonstrating its
potential to mitigate emissions by forming stable carbonates in lime and cement mortars, as confirmed through analytical
techniques .

• The study explores the use of olivine as an additive in Portland cement-based wellbore cement sheath to mitigate strength loss
caused by acidic subsurface geofluids, forming carbonates and enhancing cement resistance.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2020-2024) 16

MATERIALS USED
• Olivine Sand
• Cement
• M-Sand
• Water
• Coarse aggregate

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

OLIVINE SAND

● Olivine sand naturally occurring greenish

minerals and composed primarily of olivine
magnesium iron silicate

● Olivine is a igneous rock common mineral in

the earth sub surface and mantle

Fig 2: Olivine Sand

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

 CEMENT
● Cement, a vital construction material, is produced
through the heating and grinding of a mixture of
limestone, clay, and other raw materials. When
mixed with water, it undergoes hydration,
forming a paste that hardens over time, serving as
a binding agent in concrete and mortar for diverse
construction applications.
● “Ordinary Portland cement” 53grade cement is
suitable for production of high strength or high
performance concrete blocks.

 With Reference to IS 269 : 198933 Code Book. Fig 3: Cement

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

 M-SAND
● Manufactured Sand (M-sand) is a finely
crushed alternative to river sand, produced
from hard rock quarries. It offers consistent
quality, cost-effectiveness, and environmental
benefits, serving as a widely used construction
material for various applications.

 With Reference to IS 383 : 1970 Code Book.

Fig 4: M-sand

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

 MOULDS
● The specified concrete block mold dimensions of 230 x
90 x 80 mm highlight key parameters for block
production. These dimensions, denoting a block 230 mm
in length, 90 mm in width, and 80 mm in height, suggest
a standardized unit for construction .

Fig 5: Water
 With Reference to IS 2185 (Part I) : 2005 Code Book.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

CASTING OF CEMENT
CONCRETE BLOCKS
The regular cement concrete blocks are casted
For the comparision and determination of
optimum percentage replacement of m sand
by olivine sand
METHODOLGY
LIERATURE SURVEY

PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS

STUDY ON OLIVINE SAND STUDY ON COARSE AND FINE

AGGREGATE

STUDY ON CEMENT

MIX DESIGN RATIO

Aggregate Test
1.Shape Test[Flakiness
CASTING OF CONCRETE BLOCKS Index , Elongation Test]
2.Water Absorption
3. Specific Gravity and
LABOURATORY TESTING Sieve Analysis
4.Abrasion Test
RESULTS

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

 REFERENCES
1. (Achang & Radonjic, 2021; Ahmed et al., 2016; AN INVESTIGATION, n.d.; High-Temperature Fire Resistance For Concrete Using Sustainable Building,
n.d.; Emmanuel et al., 2020; Fasihnikoutalab et al., 2016, 2017; Lu et al., n.d.; Önal et al., n.d.; Prabhushankar & Balaji, 2020; Saridhe et al., 2023;
Senguttuvan, 2021)
2. Achang, M., & Radonjic, M. (2021). Adding olivine micro particles to Portland cement based wellbore cement slurry as a sacrificial material: A quest
for the solution in mitigating corrosion of wellbore cement. Cement and Concrete Composites, 121.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104078
3. Ahmed, M., Mallick, J., & Abul Hasan, M. (2016). A study of factors affecting the flexural tensile strength of concrete. Journal of King Saud University -
Engineering Sciences, 28(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2014.04.001 AN INVESTIGATION. (n.d.).
4. Emmanuel, E., Anggraini, V., Syamsir, A., Paul, S. C., & Asadi, A. (2020). Attainable region approach in analyzing the breakage behavior of a bed of
olivine sand particles: Optimizing impact energy and particle size. Minerals, 10(12), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10121096
5. Fasihnikoutalab, M. H., Asadi, A., Kim Huat, B., Westgate, P., Ball, R. J., & Pourakbar, S. (2016). Laboratory-scale model of carbon dioxide deposition for
soil stabilisation. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.11.001
6. Fasihnikoutalab, M. H., Pourakbar, S., Ball, R. J., & Huat, B. K. (2017). The Effect of Olivine Content and Curing Time on the Strength of Treated Soil in
Presence of Potassium Hydroxide. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-017-0089-3
High-Temperature Fire Resistance For Concrete Using Sustainable Building. (n.d.).

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)

7. Lu, Y., Radonjic, M., Crandall, D., & Bunger, A. P. (n.d.). Evidence for Self-restoration of Olivine Based Cement Under Geothermal
conditions: Olivine Micro-aggregate as Mitigation to Portland Cement Acidic Attack. In GRC Transactions (Vol. 45).
8. Önal, Y., Altay, G., Beycioglu, A., Öztürk, M., Ok, B., Beycioğlu, A., & Keskin, A. (n.d.). Load-displacement behavior of serpentine and
olivine obtained as waste from the mines. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798118
9. Prabhushankar, N., & Balaji, N. (2020). Various alternative sources for silica sand, binders and additives in sand casting and their
properties - A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 993(1).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/993/1/012137
10.Saridhe, S. P., Hareesh, M., Priya, T. S., & Selvaraj, T. (2023). Role Of Olivine Aggregate In Lime And Cement Mortars For The
Sequestration Of Atmospheric CO2. Materiali in Tehnologije, 57(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2022.719
11. Senguttuvan, K. (2021). IMPACT OF M SAND AND OLIVINE SAND IN GEO POLYMER CONCRETE AT AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353572472
12. Fasihnikoutalab, M. H., Asadi, A., Kim Huat, B., Westgate, P., Ball, R. J., & Pourakbar, S. (2016). Laboratory-scale model of carbon
dioxide deposition for soil stabilisation. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(2), 178–186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.11.001

Dept. of Civil Engineering, VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(2021-2024)