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Electrostatic 1

This document provides an overview of the course EE 6116 Basic of Electrical Engineering I. The course covers 6 credits and is taught by Eng. EM Mkami. Topics covered include electrostatics, electrical energy and power, electrical circuits, and DC circuit analysis. Specifically, the document discusses electrostatics including electric charge, laws of electrostatics, electric fields, electric flux, capacitors, and how capacitors store and release energy. It provides definitions, explanations, examples, and assignments related to these fundamental concepts in electrical engineering.

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emmanuel haule
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40 views

Electrostatic 1

This document provides an overview of the course EE 6116 Basic of Electrical Engineering I. The course covers 6 credits and is taught by Eng. EM Mkami. Topics covered include electrostatics, electrical energy and power, electrical circuits, and DC circuit analysis. Specifically, the document discusses electrostatics including electric charge, laws of electrostatics, electric fields, electric flux, capacitors, and how capacitors store and release energy. It provides definitions, explanations, examples, and assignments related to these fundamental concepts in electrical engineering.

Uploaded by

emmanuel haule
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 6116 BASIC OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

CREDITS: 6

LECTURER: Eng. EM Mkami


Course contents
1.Electrostatics
2.Introduction to electrical energy and electrical power
3.Introduction to electrical circuits
4.DC circuits analysis
TOPIC:ELECTROSTATICS
INTRODUCTION

• The branch of electrical engineering which deals with electricity


at rest is called electrostatics. All the electric phenomena are
produced due to the various types of charges. The moving
charges produce current and magnetic effects. The accelerated
charges produce radiation.

• Apart from moving and accelerated charges, there exists one more
type of charges called stationary charges or static charges.
INTRODUCTION CONT..

• Static charges are responsible for the generation of the forces on other
charges which are called electrostatic forces. Electrostatics means the
study of the static charges and the associated effects.

• Such static charges may be situated at a point when they are called
point charges. When the static charges are distributed along the
telephone lines or power lines, they are called line charges.

• When distributed over the surfaces such as surfaces of plates of


capacitor, they are called surface charges.
INTRODUCTION CONT..

• Static charges may exist in the entire volume in the form of a


charge cloud then they are called volume charges. In this topic, we
will discuss the behaviour of electricity due to the static
charges, the laws governing such behaviour and concept of a
capacitor.
ELECTRIC CHARGE

• The matter on the earth which occupies the space may be solid, liquid or
gaseous. The matter is made up of one or more elements. Each element is
made up of many atoms which are of similar nature. Now a days, scientists
are successful in breaking atoms and studying the resulting products.

• According to modern electron theory, atom is composed of the three


fundamental particles, which are invisible to bare eyes. These are the
neutron, the proton and the electron. The proton is positively charged while
the electron is negatively charged.
ELECTRIC CHARGE CONT…
• The mass of neutron and proton is the same which is 1.675 x g
while mass of electron is 9.107xg
• Therefore Electric charge is the total deficiency or addition of excess
of electrons in an atom.
• The atom is said to be charged and the unit of charge is coulomb
LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS

Static charges are governed by some laws called laws of electrostatics.

Coulomb`s Laws of electrostatics

The two fundamental laws of electrostatics are as below

i. First law states that Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract

each other.

The law can be demonstrated by another simple experiment. The ebonite rod
becomes negatively charged when rubbed against fur cloth.
LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS CONT..

Now, if glass rod is rubbed against fur cloth, it gets positively


charged. And if they are brought near each other, they try to attract
each other

While two ebonite rods after rubbing against fur cloth, brought
nearby, try to repel each other. This shows that Like charges repel
while unlike charges attract each other.
LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS CONT..
ii. Second law states that the force exerted between two point charges
is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centres.

This law is known as Coulomb’s inverse square Law and can be

expressed mathematically as follows


LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS CONT..
LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS CONT..
LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS CONT..
EXAMPLE
Example solution
ELECTRIC FIELD/ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
ELECTRIC FIELD/ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE CONT..
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
• The properties of electric lines of force are,
i. The lines of force always originate from a positive charge and
terminate at negative charge
ii. They always enter or leave a conducting surface, normally.
iii. They are always parallel and never cross each other.
iv. The lines travelling in the same direction repel each other, while
traveling in the opposite directions attract one another.
v. They behave like a stretched rubber band and always try to contract.
vi. They pass only through the insulating medium between the charges and
do not enter the charged bodies
ELECTRIC FLUX
• ELECTRIC FLUX
ELECTRIC FLUX CONT..
ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY
SURFACE CHARGE DENSITY
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OR FIELD INTENSITY

 We can investigate an electric field by observing its effect on a charge. In the SI method of
measurement this should be a unit charge, i.e. a coulomb.

 In practice this is such a large charge that it would disrupt the field being investigated.

 The magnitude of the force experienced by this unit charge at any point in a field is termed the
electric field strength at that point.

 Electric field strength is sometimes also known as electric stress.

 It can be measured in newtons per unit charge and represented by the symbol E. (Since E can
also represent e.m.f., we use a bold type for E when representing electric field strength and
later we will meet D representing electric flux density.)
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OR FIELD INTENSITY CONT..

It should be recalled that 1 J of work is necessary to raise the potential


of 1 C of charge through 1 V.
 When a charge moves through an electric field, the work done against
or by the electric field forces is indicated by the change in potential of
the charge.
Therefore to move a unit charge through a field so that its potential
changes by V volts requires V joules of work.
The most simple field arrangement which we can investigate is that
between parallel charged plates as shown in Fig. below
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OR FIELD INTENSITY CONT..
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OR FIELD INTENSITY CONT..

Let us suppose that the plates are very large and that the distance
between them is very small.
By doing this, we can ignore any fringing effects and assume that all
the field exists between the plates.
Let us also assume that there is free space between the plates. There is
a potential difference of V volts between the plates, therefore the work
in transferring 1 C of charge between the plates is V joules.
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OR FIELD INTENSITY CONT..

But work is the product of force and distance, and in this case the
distance is d metres. Therefore the force experienced by the charge is
the electric field strength E given by:
Example
PERMITTIVITY

• From the relation derived in previous slide, we can say that


electric flux density depends on electric field strength. Now the
value of electric flux density depends on the value of electric
field strength E along with the dielectric property of the medium
which is known as permittivity.

Permittivity can be defined as the ease with which a dielectric medium


permits an electric flux to be established in it.
PERMITTIVITY CONT..
PERMITTIVITY CONT..
PERMITTIVITY CONT..
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
• Permittivity of free space The ratio of the electric flux density in a
vacuum ( or free space) to the corresponding electric field
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
PERMITTIVITY CONT…
CAPACITORS& CAPACITANCE
CAPACITORS& CAPACITANCE
CAPACITORS
CAPACITORS CONT..
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
• Capacitors are mainly divided into two mechanical groups:
• Fixed capacitors.
• Variable capacitors.
CAPACITORS CONT..

• Differences Between Fixed and Variable Capacitors

• Fixed capacitors feature a non adjustable capacitance, whereas


variable capacitors feature an adjustable capacitance. You can only
change the capacitance of variable capacitors. Fixed capacitors are far
more common than variable capacitors.
CAPACITORS CONT..

• A variable capacitor is a capacitor whose capacitance can be adjusted within a


certain range. When the relative effective area between the pole metal plate or
the distance between the plates is changed, its capacitance changes
accordingly. It is usually used as a tuning capacitor in a radio receiving circuit.

• Fixed capacitors have a wide range of applications. They are most often found
in timing circuits. They are also used to supply a continuous flow of level
current. This helps to avoid spikes and surges that might occur in the power
supply of an electrical circuit.
OTHER TYPES OF CAPACITORS

• Practical types of capacitors


HOW DOES A CAPACITOR STORE CHARGES
HOW DOES A CAPACITOR STORE CHARGES CONT..
HOW DOES A CAPACITOR STORE CHARGES CONT..

• What is the use of energy stored in capacitor?

The audio equipment, uninterruptible power supplies, camera flashes,


pulsed loads such as magnetic coils and lasers use the energy stored in
the capacitors
CAPACITANCE
CAPACITANCE CONT…
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPACITANCE
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND SERIES
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL CONT..
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL CONT..
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIES
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIES CONT..
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIES CONT..
CAPACITORS CONNECTED IN SERIES CONT..
Examples
Examples
ASSIGNMENT( 3Questions)
ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR
SOLUTION
TASK
END OF PRESENTATION

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