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Lecture 2.1 Block Diagram Reduction and Laplace Transforms

This document provides an introduction and overview of block diagram reduction techniques using Laplace transforms. It outlines the key steps and rules for reducing block diagrams by reducing cascading blocks, parallel blocks, and feedback control systems. It then introduces Laplace transforms as a tool for representing physical systems in the frequency domain and provides examples of taking the Laplace transform and using partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transform.

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Kabo Mphanyane
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44 views

Lecture 2.1 Block Diagram Reduction and Laplace Transforms

This document provides an introduction and overview of block diagram reduction techniques using Laplace transforms. It outlines the key steps and rules for reducing block diagrams by reducing cascading blocks, parallel blocks, and feedback control systems. It then introduces Laplace transforms as a tool for representing physical systems in the frequency domain and provides examples of taking the Laplace transform and using partial fractions to find the inverse Laplace transform.

Uploaded by

Kabo Mphanyane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Welcome

Outline
• Block Diagram reduction
• Laplace transforms
Block Diagram Components
1. Cascaded Subsystems
2. Parallel Systems
3. Feedback Control System
4. Block Diagram Algebra
(Summing Junction)
5. Block Diagram Algebra
(pickoff points)
Rules of Block Diagram Reduction
1. Start with reducing any cascading blocks
2. Then reduce any parallel blocks
3. Reduce any closed loop feedback blocks
4. If any challenges posed by a pickoff point or
summing junction, move the block to the left or
right of summing junction.
5. Move blocks over pickoff points to the left or right
6. Repeat steps 1-5, until you have an open loop
reduced block diagram.
Example 1
Example 2
Laplace Transforms
• See pages 35 – 44 ; F. Nise
• Modelling a system represented by a differential equation
in block diagrams is a challenge; however, Laplace
transforms provides ability to represent input, output and
system as separate entities.
• It also provides for ease of using algebra to solve and
simplify representation of physical systems
• Laplace transforms a tool to represent the frequency
domain of a time domain, founded by a mathematician
named Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749 – 1827)
Laplace Transforms
Laplace Transforms Cont..
• A complex number comprises of the real and
imaginary part, then the variable representing
complex numbers is called a complex variable.

• s = complex variable
• σ (rho) = real magnitude
• ω (omega) = imaginary magnitude
• J indicates the imaginary part
Examples
1. Find the Laplace transform
of f(t) =

2. Find the inverse Laplace


transform of
If the inverse transform of  .
And  .
Then
Properties of Laplace Transforms
Partial Fractions
• To find the inverse Laplace transform of complicated or large
functions, we use the sum of simpler terms or partial fractions
method.
• If F(s) = N(s)/ D(s), where N(s) is order less than D(s), we can
apply partial fractions; otherwise, we divide N(s) by D(s).
– E.g., =
• There are a few cases of partial fractions:
– Case 1: denominator with real and distinct roots

– Case 2: denominator with real and repeating roots

– Case 3: denominator with complex and imaginary roots


Example
• Given the equation, solve for if all initial
conditions are zero; using Laplace transform.
Examples 1
Exercise 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of :
=

• And
• Find the Laplace Transform of :
Thank you !

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