GENESIS OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION

1. Johann Dobereiner (law of triads)

3.
Key words of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
• Eka Aluminium (GALLIUM) and Eka-Silicon(GERMANIUM)
• He ignored the order of atomic weights, thinking that the atomic
measurements might be incorrect, and placed the elements with
similar properties together.
• For example: Iodine with lower atomic weight than that of Tellurium
(Group VI) was placed in Group VII along with fluorine, chlorine,
bromine because of similarities in properties.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW :
• Henry Moseley: A plot of ν (where ν is frequency of X-rays emitted)
against atomic number (Z ) gave a straight line and not the plot of ν vs
atomic mass. He thereby showed that the atomic number is a more
fundamental property of an element than its atomic mass.
• Modern Periodic Law can be stated as :
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic numbers.
Key points of modern periodic table:
• It consists of 18 vertical columns(groups) and 7 horizontal
rows(periods)
• Group 1 and 2 are arranged under s -block, group 3 to 12 are arranged
under d- block, group 13 to 18 under p-block and at the bottom of
periodic table two series of f- block elements are arranged.
• Elements in group have same outermost (valence shell)electronic
configuration, thus they possess same type of physical and chemical
properties. Same group elements are also referred as families.
• S- and p -block elements collectively called as main group elements or
representative elements.
• Elements in same period have same principal quantum number of their
outermost shell.
• Each period begins with filling of electron in new shell.
• CAUSE OF PERIODOCITY: periodicity in properties is due to repetition of
similar outermost electronic configuration at certain regular interval of time.
• First period: 2 elements
• Second period: 8 elements
• Third period: 8 elements
• Fourth period: 18 elements
• Fifth period: 18 elements
• Sixth period: 32 elements
• Seventh period: 32 elements
Nomenclature of elements with atomic
number greater than 100 :
• Digits, roots and abbreviation and two key rules discussed in class.
• Do some example from NCERT.
• S- BLOCK ELEMENTS: last electron (penetrating electron) enters to s –
subshell/orbital of their respective outermost shell.
• As s subshell can contain only two electrons , thus s block has only two
groups: group 1: Alkali metals and group 2: alkaline earth metals
• Hydrogen will be considered under first group and helium under second
group elements. (reason similar electronic configuration).
• Question: List all the elements of group 1 and group 2 and write their
electronic configuration.
CHARACTERISTICS OF S- BLOCK
ELEMENTS:
• Soft metals with low M.P. and B.P.
• Highly electro positive thus low ionization enthalpies.
• Gp 1 elements form monovalent cations and gp. 2 forms divalent
cations.
• Very reactive elements and reactivity increases down the group due
to increase in metallic character.
• Compound formed by s- block elements are predominately ionic,
except lithium and beryllium.
• Strong reducing agents.
• Good conductor of heat and electricity.
• Most of the elements impart characteristic colour to the flame.
P- block elements:
• Group 18 is of noble gases/ inert gases, they have stable valence shell
configuration as their octets are complete. (Helium is an exception with
duplet of electrons.)
• 16th group is of CHALCOGENS (ore forming elements)
• 17th group is of halogens (salt forming) .
• Group 16th and 17th have high electro negativity and high tendency to
take the electrons from outside.
• Characteristics of p block elements:
• Metallic character increase down the group and non metallic character
increases left to right along a period.
• Ionization energies are higher than s- block elements.
• Mostly form covalent compounds.
• Some elements show variable oxidation states.
• Their oxidising character increases from left to right along the period and
reducing character increases from top to bottom in a group.
• D- block elements: group 3-12
• Last electron enters to anyone of the 5 d- orbitals
• General outermost electronic configuration: (n-1)d 1-10 ns2 (exception of
chromium and copper where ns1).
• Properties and Location in periodic table are midway of s and p- block
elements as well as they show variable oxidation states due to partly filled
d- orbitals, they are often called as transition elements. (exceptions are
Zn, Cd and Hg)
• Zn, Cd and Hg don’t show d1 to d9 configuration neither in their ground
state nor at excited state.
• There are 4 series named as 3d, 4d, 5d and 6d.
• 3d series starts with Sc(21) and ends at Zn(30).
• 4d series starts with Y(39) and ends at Cd (48).
• 5d series starts at La(57) and ends at Hg(80). Lanthanoid gap(elements
from Ce(58) to Lu (71) are kept in 4f series.
• 6d series starts at Ac (89) and ends at Cn(112) Actinoid gap elements
from Th(90) to Lr(103) are kept in 5f series.
• Properties:
• Hard, malleable, ductile, high melting and boiling points.
• Good conductors
• Form coloured complexes.
• Used as catalyst.
F-block elements (inner transition elements)
• Lanthanoid series: from Ce(58) to Lu (71) are kept in 4f series.
• Actinoid series: from Th(90) to Lr(103) are kept in 5f series.
• General outermost electronic configuration:
(n-2)f1-14 (n-1)s2p6d 0 or 1 ns2
Characteristics: heavy elements
High M.P. and B.P.
Form complexes, and show variable oxidation states.
Form coloured salts.
Many elements of actinoids are radioactive.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES AND TRENDS:
• IONIZATION ENTHALPY:
IONIZATION POTENTIAL:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE IONIZATION
ENTHALPY:
• 1. NUCLEAR CHARGE
• 2. ATOMIC SIZE/RADIUS
• 3. PENETRATION EFFCT OF ELECTRONS
• 4. SCREENING OR SHIELDING EFFECT OF INNER ELECTRONS
• 5. EFFECT OF EXACTLY HALF FILLED OR FULLY FILLED ORBIOTALS
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE:
 ATOMIC RADIUS:
• IONIZATION ENERGY α 1/ ATOMIC SIZE OR ATOMIC RADIUS
Thus ionization energy decreases with increase in atomic size/radii.
Because:
The distance of the outer electrons/valence electrons from the nucleus
also increases with increase in atomic size.
Thus ENC on the outer electron decreases and removal of an electron
becomes easier. This results in low ionization enthalpy.
Example:1st I.E. of alkali metals:
Li Na K Rb Cs
520 496 419 403 374 (unit kJ/mole)
 PENETRATION EFFECT OF THE
• ELECTRAONS:
IONIZATION ENERGY α PENETRATION EFFECT OF ELECTRONS
• Penetration effect of orbitals follow this order:
• S>p>d>f
thus an electron in s orbital is more penetrating towards the nucleus
than p orbital of same shell and so on.
• Energy required will be more in the same order.
4. Shielding effect/screening effect
• IONIZATION ENERGY α 1/ SCREENING EFFECT
• The repulsive forces felt by valence shell electrons from the electrons
present in the inner shells, is called the shielding or screening effect.
Z effective = total nuclear charge (z) – screening effect constant(σ)
As the electron in valence shell increases , screening effect increases
and the ENC decreases so the I.E. also decreases.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION:
• Noble gases have ns2np6 type electronic configuration which is highly
stable and hence the larger amount of energy is required to remove an
electron from this stable arrangement.
• VARIATION OF IONOIZATION ENTHALPY IN THE PERIODIC TABLE:
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY
Example:
ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII
COMPARATIVE SIZE OF ATOMS AND
THEIR IONS:
VARITATION OF IONIC SIZE AMONG
ISOELECRONIC IONS:
VALENCY: