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Signal Flow Graphs

Signal flow graphs are used to represent linear algebraic equations as diagrams with nodes and branches. They can be converted to and from algebraic equations. Examples show how to convert sets of equations to signal flow graphs. Signal flow graphs are useful in process control and dynamics for determining transfer functions of control systems using Mason's Gain Formula.

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Muhammad Ayan Malik
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16 views

Signal Flow Graphs

Signal flow graphs are used to represent linear algebraic equations as diagrams with nodes and branches. They can be converted to and from algebraic equations. Examples show how to convert sets of equations to signal flow graphs. Signal flow graphs are useful in process control and dynamics for determining transfer functions of control systems using Mason's Gain Formula.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ayan Malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIGNAL FLOW

GRAPHS
Process Analysis and
Optimization

Engr. Danish Iqbal


Department of Chemical
Engineering
NFC IET, Multan
ABOUT SIGNAL FLOW
GRAPHS (SFG)
A signal flow graph is a representation of linear algebraic
(and sometimes differential) equations in form of diagram
that consists of nodes that are connected by branches.
Similar to Network Modelling
Few important terminologies involved in SFGs are,
 Node
 Branch
 Source
 Sink
 Loop
 Mixed Node
CONVERSION OF LINEAR
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION TO SFG
CONVERSION OF SFG TO
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Convert following sets of equation to signal flow graphs

X1 is source, and X4 is sink

X1 is source, and X4 is sink R1 and R2 both are source nodes


PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(SOLUTION)
Convert following sets of equation to signal flow graphs

X1 is source, and X4 is sink


PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(SOLUTION)
Convert following sets of equation to signal flow graphs

R1 and R2 both are source nodes


APPLICATION OF SFG IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
A very prominent application of SFG in chemical engineering is in process control and dynamics, for
calculation of transfer function of a control block diagram.

R(s) C(s) R(s) C(s)


G(s)
G(s) c c
DETERMINATION OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION
After conversion of block diagram of a control system to corresponding SFG,
transfer function for that system can be determined by applying Mason’s
Gain Formula on the SFG.

But first, few more important terms to keep in mind,


Path: Collection of branches linked together in same direction
Forward Path: The path that exists from the input node to the output node is
known as forward path.
Gain: Value of a branch in SFG
Forward Path Gain: the product of all branch gains of the forward path.
Loop Gain: the product of all branch gains of a loop.
MASON’S GAIN FORMULA
DETERMINATION OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION
Example 1: Determine the transfer function for
following system,

R(s) G(s) C(s)


c c c c

H(s)
Pi = G(s)
Δ = 1 + G(s)H(s)
Δi = 1
Transfer Function becomes,
DETERMINATION OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION
Example 2: Determine the transfer function for
following system,

No. of forward paths = 2


No. of individual loops = 5
Loop gains are - l1=bj , l2=gh , l3=cdh , l4=di and l5=f
No. of two non-touching loops = 2
DETERMINATION OF
TRANSFER FUNCTION

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