CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

GROUP 5

Areglado, Lovelie
Bandarlipe, Glenda
Calaustro, Kyla Lawreen
Coleto, Leonard
Diampoc, Angelyn
Gattering, John Paul
Maglelong, Kristine
Pariñas, Rhoanne
Tomines, Cris John
Vinarao, Eugene
CHRONIC
KIDNEY DISEASE
GROUP 5
Areglado, Lovelie
Bandarlipe, Glenda
Calaustro, Kyla Lawreen
Coleto, Leonard
Diampoc, Angelyn
Gattering, John Paul
Maglelong, Kristine
Pariñas, Rhoanne
Tomines, Cris John
Vinarao, Eugene
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
According to the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI), one Filipino
develops chronic renal failure every hour or about 120 Filipinos per million
population every year. Latest estimates show that around 2.3 million Filipinos
have chronic kidney disease (CKD). In 2016, more than 36,000 patients were on
dialysis treatment which reflects a 15 percent increase in the number of patients
in just one year.

The cost of medical treatment for kidney disease is really exorbitant, beyond
the reach of ordinary patients. Renal transplantation is limited due to the expense
and the shortage of donors. The best that can be done at present is to focus
efforts on the prevention of progression of renal diseases. Strict blood pressure
and glycemic control and adoption of “healthy lifestyle” play a major role in
reducing if not totally controlling the epidemic of renal failure and this could be
achieved through proper education.
 INTRODUCTION

Objectives:

• This study aims to identify and determine the general problems and basic needs
of the patient with a diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease, as well as proper
management and treatment for such condition.
• Tracing how the specific condition affects the body of the patient
• Performing physical examination and right assessment to the patient in order to
have a basis for effective nursing intervention
• Studying the drugs being administered as well as action of the medications to the
patient’s body
• Applying the theoretical skills, we have learned as student nurses in performing
the appropriate management of the patient’s case.
 INTRODUCTION
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Patient: Mr. X
Sex: Male
Address: Namnama, Isabela
Age: 63 years old
Birthdate: October 15, 1959
Birth Place: Namnama, Isabela
Marital status: Married
No. Of children: 7
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Date of admission: January 2, 2023
Date of Operation:

Chief Complaint: Dizziness

Final Diagnosis: Chronic kidney disease secondary to hypertension
 INTRODUCTION
Case Report

Mr. X is 63 years old and lives in Namnama, City of Ilagan, Isabela.

He works as a farmer, and his wife is staying home to take care of household
responsibilities. They have seven children; the oldest is working as an OFW,
and his other children work on their farm. He has 12 grandchildren, and they
are his source of happiness. Mr. X loves to drink soft drinks; he can drink
three bottles of Coke in a day. He also likes salty foods such as bagoong or
any foods that you can dip in bagoong. Mr. X only drank alcohol after work or
when his friends called him. He believes he has a healthy body, and it has
never crossed his mind that he will develop diabetes. In 2018, Mr. X was
diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. As stated by his wife, he doesn't comply with
his medications, and he will drink only his medicine whenever he wants. After
two years of uncontrolled diabetes, Mr. X has been diagnosed with chronic
kidney disease and has, until now, undergone hemodialysis as his treatment.
HISTORY
 HISTORY
History Of Present Illness:
Few hours prior to admission, the patient noted dizziness post headache. Her
wife brought her immediately to the hospital.

Past Medical History

Mr. X was never hospitalized when he was in his younger age. According to the
patient, he had a past medical history of diabetes. The patient is non-compliant with his
medications as stated by his wife. He was admitted last year at City of Ilagan Medical
Center due to High blood pressure. According to him, he has cataracts in both eyes and
undergone surgery.

Family Health History

The patient's mother has diabetes and hypertension, which caused her death.
His sister also has hypertension, as do some of his relatives.
 GORDON’S
FUNCTIONAL
PATTERN
 GORDON’S FUNCTIONAL PATTERN
BEFORE DURING INTERPETATION
Health perception The patient had been sick The patient accepted his Prior to hospitalization, the patient is prone to illness, and during
and management since then . condition and his frail body. his hospitalization, the patient has present weakness. Being prone
to illness and pain is normal for his age (63 years old), especially
since he is doing dialysis.
Nutritional The patient eats four times The patient's food options Prior to his hospitalization, the patient mentioned consumption
metabolic pattern per day and enjoys coffee. are limited, and he cannot of salty foods because high sodium intake increases the amount
Only drinks alcohol eat beef. Consumes more of protein in the urine, which is a major risk factor for a decline
occasionally. Likes to eat fish and chicken as in kidney function. During hospitalization, the patient eats only
vegetables and salty foods. alternatives for protein. He what is provided and avoids beef because limiting red meat
Soft drinks are frequently only drink 330 ml bottle of consumption may slow the progression of kidney disease. The
consumed. water a day. patient is limited to drinking water because excess fluid cannot
be removed by the kidneys, which can lead to serious
complications.

Elimination Pattern The patient has no problem The patient has no There were significant changes in the patient's elimination
in bowel movement and problems defecating but has pattern, and he experienced no pain but has low urine output to
eliminating urine a approximately 15 ml of eliminate because when the kidney filters are damaged, it can
urine per day cause an increase in the urge to urinate. No presence of any
different color to his urine output.

Activity Exercise Doing farm labor serves as The patient doing pushups In his condition, the patient is still physically active because
Pattern the patient's activity. as his exercise. small exercise may reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease by
decreasing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
 GORDON’S FUNCTIONAL PATTERN
BEFORE DURING INTERPETATION
Sleep Rest Pattern The patient has no problem The patient is unable to The patient's sleeping rest pattern have shifted dramatically
with his sleep or rest pattern. sleep properly. The patient between before and during his hospitalization. According to the
The patient sleeps with 6-8 can only sleep 3-4 hours patient, he can’t sleep when in supine because the fluid retention
hours. in lower extremities that can accumulate in the lungs and can
cause of difficulty of breathing.

Cognitive- The patient has no problem The patient experience pain The patient has poor eye sight because he developed cataracts
perceptual Pattern except to his poor eye sight in his feet. when he had diabetes. The pain he feels is due to his bipedal
edema.

Self perception/ self The patient is hardworking, The patient felt bad about The patient explains how his condition affects his self-
concept especially since he has a doing nothing and felt perception. The patient felt that his life changed when he started
farm. helpless in condition. doing hemodialysis.

Role Relationship The patient stated that his The relationship with his The patient has no issues with his family in terms of
Pattern relationships with his family family member didn't relationships. The patient has seven children, and even during his
members are fine. Close to change, and his wife still hospitalization, his relationship with his family did not change.
his grandchildren. takes care of him. Even though each of his other children has his own family, the
patient claims that his family still looks after him.
 GORDON’S FUNCTIONAL PATTERN

BEFORE DURING INTERPETATION

Sexual Productive The patient is not sexually The patient is not sexually Due to his age, the patient no longer engages in sexual activity.
pattern active and has seven children active, especially with his He doesn't have the inclination to do it, especially in his current
with his wife. condition. situation.

Coping-Stress The patient talks with the The patient spend time with Socializing with other people helps the patient face his stress.
Tolerance neighbor and sometimes his grandchildren, and Sharing his experiences with his friends and neighbors helps him
thinks about how to solve it. praying. cope, and spending time with his loved one and praying makes
him feel good.

Value-belief Pattern The patient is Roman The patient's faith gets even The patient believes that having faith in God can help him with
Catholic. The patient goes to stronger because even his problem and help him recover from his condition.
church and has strong faith. though he feels pain in his
Believes that faith can help feet, he still goes to church.
him in his problems
 PATIENT
APPRAISAL
 PATIENT APPRAISAL

Patient Appraisal.pdf
COURSE IN THE
WARD
 COURSE IN THE WARD

Course in the Ward.pdf

 PHYSICAL
ASSESSMENT
 PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT

General Appearance The patient is awake and coherent

Vital sign • Blood Pressure – 140/80

• Pulse Rate- 73
• Respiratory Rate - 20
• Temperature – 36.2°C
• *O2Sat-93%
• Height: 5’1”
• Weight: 63 kg
• BMI: 26, Obese
 PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
PARTS ACTUAL FINDINGS INTERPRETATION
Hair: • Thin Hair and Uneven hair distribution Normal
• Visible white hairs
Face • Presence of periorbital edema The patient has a visible swelling the around the
eyes due to excess fluid retention.
Eyes: • Blurry vision The patient’s blurry vision is due to retinopathy,
a condition where the small blood vessels in the
eyes become damaged as a result of
hypertension or diabetes.
Lips • Dry lips
Teeth • Incomplete teeth (3 teeth removed), No
Mouth dentures The patient has a dry lips due to dehydration
and limited intake of water.

Color • Dark skin discoloration with no lessions The patient has a dark skin discoloration due
to toxin build up in the body and visible dry
skin due to dehydration and limited intake of
water.
Skin Moisture • Dry skin
 PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
PARTS ACTUAL FINDINGS INTERPRETATION
Nails Pale, No clubbing, Slow capillary The patient’s nails is pale due to low hemoglobin level
refill(3 seconds). and the slow capillary refill due to dehydration.

Upper Arms With fistula in the right arm The patient has an arteriovenous fistula in the right arm
Extremities as an access to the blood stream during hemodialysis.
With cut on his little finger The patient has a cut on his little finger due to farming
accident

Abdomen Ascites The Patient has an Ascites due to excess fluid retention.

Nails Pale color, No clubbing, Slow The Patient’s nails is pale due to low hemoglobin level
capillary refill (3 seconds) and has a slow capillary refill due to dehydration.

Feet Rough sole of the feet The Patient has a rough sole due to farming
Leg Leg weakness The Patient is experiencing leg weakness due to low
hemoglobin level
Lower
Extremities The patient has a bipedal edema as a results of fluid
Bipedal edema
retention
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAM
 DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
HEMATOLOGY
EXAMINATION REFERENCE VALUES REMARKS
RESULTS
WBC COUNT 10.37 3.50-9.50 10^3/uL A high white blood cell count is a risk factor
for CKD. High WBC count is associated with
CKD progression in the kidney.

NEUTROPHILS 91.4 20.0-50.0 % Increase in the neutrophil count and

reduction in the patient’s lymphocytes
predicts that the patient’s is in the
hemodialysis.
LYMPHOCYTES 3.2 20.0-50.0 % The main factor is chronic kidney disease
(CKD), which attacks the immune system of
lymphocytes due to loss of renal function.
Lymphocyte with low results have a higher
risk of infection.

MONOCYTES 3.6 3.0-10.0 % NORMAL

EOSINOPHILS 1.5 0.4-8.0 % NORMAL
BASOPHILS 0.3 0.0-1.0 % NORMAL
 DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
HEMATOLOGY
EXAMINATION REFERENCE VALUES REMARKS
RESULTS
RBC COUNT 2.63 4.30-5.80 10^6/uL In CKD, there is decreased production of
erythropoietin, which leads to low levels of RBC
that result in anemia.

HEMOGLOBIN 7.8 13.0-17.5 g/dL Hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cell
(Hgb) (RBC) that carries oxygen to all the cells in your
body. Low level of hemoglobin can result in a
condition called anemia

HEMATOCRIT 23.3 40.0-50.0 % A lower than normal hematocrit can indicate an

(Hct) insufficient supply of healthy red blood cells
(anemia).
 DIAGNOSTIC EXAM

EXAMINATION HEMATOLOGY RESULTS REFERENCE VALUES REMARKS

MCV 88.5 82.0-100.0 fL NORMAL
MCH 29.6 27.0-34.0 pg NORMAL
MCHC 33.4 31.6-35.4 g/dL NORMAL
PLATELET 161 150-450 10^3/uL NORMAL
 DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
CHEMISTRY LAB EXAM
Test Full Test Item Result Unit Reference REMARKS
Name

Urea UREA 14.1 H 2.80-7.20 Higher BUN levels indicate that the kidneys
Nitrogen mmol/l are not functioning properly. Chronic kidney
disease (CKD) is defined as a reduction in
GFR. Urea is filtered into the urine by the
kidney, it is disposal of nitrogen delivered
from amino acid metabolism.

CREATININE CRE 546 H 80-115 Creatine levels were high in the blood, so that
umol/l means the kidneys are not functioning well
enough to get rid of it in the urine. Dialysis is
required if kidney function is too low to
maintain health. Creatinine levels begin to
rise after hemodialysis because of new kidney
generation and inadequate renal clearance.
 DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
CHEMISTRY LAB EXAM
Test Full Name Test Result Unit References REMARKS
Item

GLUCOSE GLU 6.05 mmo 3.90-6.40 NORMAL

(Fasting) l/l

CHOLESTEROL TC 2.88 L 3.9-5.18 A low cholesterol level can be an

mmo indicator of kidney disease like
l/l malnutrition and inflammation like
fluid retention, which is edema.

TRIGLYCERIDES TG 1.37 mmo 0.11-1.69 NORMAL

l/l

HDL - DIRECT HDL -C 0.77 L 0.9 - 3.9 NORMAL

mmo
l/l

LDL - C LDL 1.49 mmo 0 -2.60 NORMAL

l/l
 DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
IV FLUIDS BLOOD BANKING
INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS (IV BLOOD Rh:
FLUIDS) TYPE: POSITIVE
“A”
SODIUM CHLORIDE (PNSS) 1 LITER KVO
NICARDIPINE DRIP 1 ampule plus 90cc of PNSS

CHEST X-RAY
X-RAY REPORT IMPRESSION:
CHEST PA • Cardiomegaly, multichambered form.
• There are no active lung parenchymal infiltrates Cannot rule out pericardial effusion.
• The heart is enlarged. Calcifications line the aorta. • Atherosclerotic aorta.
• The trachea is midline.
• The costophrenic angles and hemidiaphragms are
intact.
• The osseous structures and soft tissues are
unremarkable.
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

EXTERNAL ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
THE KIDNEY

THREE PROTECTIVE LAYER

SORROUNDING THE KIDNEY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

INTERNAL
ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF
THE KIDNEY

INTERNALLY, THE
KIDNEY HAS THREE
REGIONS
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Medulla
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.pdf
 MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Omeprazole To treat stomach pain. Omeprazole is a type of medicine called a proton pump
inhibitor (PPI).
Telmisartan A drug classification of angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Treatment of hypertension
alone or in combination with other antihypertensive's.
Clonidine A drug classification of alpha2- adrenergic agonist treatment for the
antihypertension.
Betahistine Histamine analogue treatment of vertigo (dizziness).
Erythropoietin A calcium channel blocker. This relaxes the blood vessels and lowers blood pressure,
(EPO) and increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its
workload.
Nicardipine drip Nicardipine is used to treat high blood pressure and to control angina (chest pain).
Nicardipine is in a class of medications called calcium channel blockers. It controls
chest pain by increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart.

Ferrous Sulfate Iron supplements indicated in the doctors order to treat anemia.
 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Erythropoietin Erythropoietin administered every after hemodialysis
therapy

Blood Transfusion Secure 2 Packed Reb Blood Cells (PRBC) transfuse each units if available, or may
transfuse while on hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis Scheduled for hemodialysis 2 times a week. (Monday and Thursday)

Sodium Chloride Ordered 1 Liter of PNSS x KVO.

(PNSS)
NURSING CARE
PLAN
 ASSESSMENT NURSING INTERVENTION/
DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective data: Impaired Tissue After 8hrs of Independent Nursing The patient’s
“nanghihina ang Perfusion related nursing Interventions: laboratory
buong katawan to Imbalance interventions - Cardiopulmonary manifestations result from values
ko” between oxygen : - Monitored BP, pulse, and attempts by the heart and lungs to supply (Hgb/Hct) are
supply or delivery respirations during and after adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissues. within
Objective Data: and demand as The patient’s activity acceptable
SPO2: 92% evidenced by body laboratory - Activity may need to be curtailed until severe range.
BP: 210 weakness and (Hgb/Hct) anemia is at least partially corrected to lower
RBC: 2.63 increased blood will be within - Recommended quiet body’s oxygen requirements and reduce strain on
10^6/uL pressure acceptable atmosphere and bedrest the heart and lungs
Hgb: 7.8g/dL range.
Hct:23.35 - Enhances lung expansion to maximize
oxygenation for cellular uptake.
- Elevated head of bed, as
tolerated. - cerebral hypoxia may cause dizziness, fainting,
and increased risk of injury

- Suggested client change position

slowly; monitor for dizziness.
- Increases number of oxygen-carrying cells;
Dependent Nursing Interventions: corrects deficiencies to reduce risk of
hemorrhage in acutely compromised individuals.
- Administered packed RBCs Note: Transfusions are reserved for severe blood
(PRCs); as indicated. Monitor loss anemias with cardiovascular compromise
closely for transfusion reactions. and are used after other therapies have failed to
restore homeostasis.
 ASSESSMENT NURSING INTERVENTION/
DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective Data: Acute pain related After 30 minutes- 1 Independent Nursing
“ang sakit ng ulo to increase hour of nursing Interventions:  The patient
ko at nahihilo vascular pressure interventions: - Determined specifics of pain, - Facilitates diagnosis of problem Reported pain or
ako” as evidenced by such as location, characteristics, and initiation of appropriate discomfort is
reports of  The patient will intensity (on a 0 to 10 scale), therapy. Helpful in evaluating relieved or
throbbing pain Report pain or onset, and duration. Note effectiveness of therapy. controlled.
Objective Data: discomfort is nonverbal cues.
Bp: 140/80 relieved or  Followed
HR: 73 controlled. - Encouraged and maintained - Minimizes stimulation and prescribe
SPO2: 93% bedrest during acute phase. promotes relaxation. pharmacological
RR: 20  Follow regimen.
Pain Scale: 5/10 prescribed - Provided or recommended - Measures that reduce cerebral
pharmacologic nonpharmacological measures for vascular pressure and that slow
al regimen. relief of headache. Relaxation or block sympathetic response
techniques such as diversional are effective in relieving
activities. headache and associated
complications.

Dependent Nursing Intervention:

- Administered clonidine as - To decrease blood pressure.

prescribed.
 ASSESSMENT NURSING INTERVENTION/
DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective data: Excess fluid  After 8hrs of Independent Nursing The patient
“nagmamanas volume related to nursing Interventions: verbalized
ang paa ko” compromised intervnetions: - Record accurate intake and - Hypervolemia occurs in CKD. understanding of
regulatory output (I&O). Include “hidden” individual dietary and
mechanism of fluids, such as intravenous (IV) fluid restriction.
Objective data: kidney failure
Degree of edema secondary to The patient - Assessed the rest of the body for - Edema occurs primarily in
+2 disease process verbalized signs of edema dependent tissues of the body,
evidenced by: understandin such as hands, feet, and
g of individual lumbosacral area.
(+) periorbital dietary and
edema fluid - Monitored heart rate and bp - Tachycardia and hypertension
(+) bipedal edema restriction. can occur because of (1) failure
of the kidneys to excrete urine,
(2) excessive fluid resuscitation
during efforts to treat
hypovolemia or hypotension,
and (3) changes in the renin-
angiotensin system, which helps
regulate long-term blood
pressure and blood volume.
 ASSESSMENT NURSING INTERVENTION/
DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective Data Impaired Physical After 8 hours of Independent Nursing The patient
“Nahihirapan ako Mobility related nursing Interventions: Maintained optimal
maglakad kasi to Decreased intervention:  Assess activity limitations, - Influences choice of mobility and
nawawalan ako strength and noting presence and degree of interventions. function.
nang balanse” endurance;  The patient will restriction or ability.
musculoskeletal Maintain
impairment as optimal  Provide gentle massage. Keep - Stimulates circulation; prevents
Objective Data: evidenced by mobility and skin clean and dry. Keep linens skin irritation.
difficulty walking function. dry and wrinkle free.
Limited ROM loss of balance.
 Exercise Promotion- Institute a - Increases client’s energy and
planned activity or exercise sense of well-being. Studies
program as appropriate, with have shown that regular exercise
client’s input. programs have benefited clients
with ESRD, both physically and
emotionally. Stable clients have
not been shown to have adverse
effects (Goodman & Ballou,
2004).
 ASSESSMENT NURSING INTERVENTION/
DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective Data Disturbed Sleep After 8 hrs of  Ascertain usual sleep habits  Determines need for action After 8 hrs of nursing
“Di na ako Pattern related to nursing and changes that are and helps identify intervention
makatulog ng environmental intervention occurring. appropriate interventions.  The patient
maayos dahil sa changes; noise;  The patient will reported
ilaw” as facility routine as report improvement in
verbalized by the evidenced by improvement sleep or rest
patient verbal reports of in sleep or rest  Provide comfortable bedding  Increases comfort for sleep; pattern.
not feeling well pattern. and some of own possessions, provides physiological and
rested; such as a pillow or an afghan. psychological support.
Objective Data: dissatisfaction
Yawning with sleep
 Reduce noise and light.  Provides atmosphere
conducive to sleep.

 Encourage position of comfort  Repositioning reduces

and assist in turning, if needed pressure on tissues,
enhances muscle relaxation,
and promotes rest.
 ASSESSMENT NURSING INTERVENTION/
DIAGNOSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective Data: Situational Low- After 8 hrs of Independent Nursing  The patient
“naaawa ako sa Esteem related to nursing Interventions: identified
sarili ko kasi wala changes in usual interventions feelings and
akong ginagawa roles as evidenced  Discuss meaning of loss and  Many clients and their methods for
at naghihintay by feelings of The patient will change to client. families have difficulty coping with
lang ng maka helplessness and identify feelings dealing with changes in life negative
kain” powerlessness. and methods for and role performance as perception of
coping with well as the client’s loss of self.
Objective Data: negative perception ability to control own body.
Reject positive of self.
feedback about  Acknowledge normalcy of  Recognition that feelings
self feelings. are to be expected helps
client accept and deal with
them more effectively.
DRUG STUDY
 DRUG STUDY

DRUG STUDY.pdf
DISCHARGE PLAN
 DISCHARGE PLAN

Medication • Telmisartan - Am - Once a day

• Amlodipine - Pm - Once a day
• Clonidine - Am - Once a day
• Ferous Sulfate - Am - Once a day
• Erythropoeitin - Am - Pm - Twice a day - 6am - 6pm

Exercise • Walking but with assistance.

Treatment • Continue hemodialysis

Diet • Renal diet because dialysis patient needs to eat high-qualty protein such as
fresh meats, poultry, fish, and egg. Low soduim canned meat or fish. It is
important to check all food labels to see how much protein or potassium is in
the product.
 DISCHARGE PLAN
Health • Renal diet encourage most people on hemodialysis to eat high-quality
Teaching protein because it produces less waste for removal during dialysis. High-
quality protein comes from meat, poultry, fish, and eggs. Avoid processed
meats such as hot dogs and canned chili, which have high amounts of
sodium and phosphorus.
• Dialysis patients needs to limit their fluid intake to be as healthy as possible.
Too much fluid can raise blood pressure, damage the heart, cause swelling,
and make dialysis very uncomfortable. It is very important to get a handle on
thirst control as early as possible.
• Avoid tomatoes, potatoes, whole grain foods and oranges and include
cucumber, broccoli, carrots, rice and pasta for right amount of potassium.
Choose lean meat without salt or extra sauces in them too control sodium
intake.
• A well-balanced diet, with the right amount of protein, calories, fluid,
vitamins and minerals, is necessary for dialysis patients to stay fit as their
kidneys are no longer functioning at is fully capacity.