Problem
Problem
01/15/2024 1
Problem
Velocity of flow V
Mach Number M
Sonic Velocity c
Vac
Mach number of a flight M ac
c
V jet
Mach number of a Jet M Jey
c , jet
01/15/2024 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 5
Mach’s Cone
• As Mach number increases, the strength of the Cone increases
and the Angle of the shockwave becomes increasingly severe
• Mach Angle
1
sin M
Moving Disturbance of Finite Size In A Fluid
• What is minimum size of the object, which will follow Mach’s cone?
•As mach number becomes very large for a given size of the object, the Mach
wave becomes a shock wave and gets bent so severely that it lies right against the
vehicle.
• Not only was Mach was able to make the invisible shock waves
visible, but it is even more amazing that he was able to photograph
the phenomenon.
• His experiments required split-second timing in an age before
computers or electronics were available.
• Mach's shadowgraph technique and a related method called Schlieren
photography are still widely used to observe supersonic flow fields
even today.
• Yet Mach's contributions to supersonic aerodynamics were not
limited to experimental methods alone.
• He was the first person to note the sudden and discontinuous changes
in the behavior of an airflow when the ratio V/c goes from being less
than 1 to greater than 1.
Mach Waves, Revisited
ct 1 1 1
sin sin
V t M M
Oblique Shock Wave
• A jet of air at 275 K and 0.69 bar has an initial Mach number of 2.0. If it
passes through a normal shock wave determine
• Mach number
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Density
• Speed of the sound
• Jet velocity downstream of the shock wave
• Solution
• 0.577
• 3.105 bar
• 463.93 K
• 2.332 kg/
• 431.75 m/s
• 249.1 m/s
conducts air from a high pressure tank where normal shock wave is
present in the divergent duct. Find the exit pressure, loss in stagnation
• Air with Mach number 2.5 enters a convergent duct with an area
ratio . For this condition, find exit Mach number and pressure ratio
across the duct.