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Lecture 3 and 4, Week 2. Temperature and Zeroth Law, Pressure Scale Calculations

This document provides an overview of a thermodynamics lecture that covers temperature, pressure, and pressure measurement devices. It introduces the zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature. It defines pressure and how pressure varies with depth. It describes barometers and manometers for pressure measurement and includes examples of calculating pressure using these devices. The objectives are for students to understand temperature, pressure, pressure scales, and how to use barometers and manometers to measure and calculate pressure.

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Umer Majeed
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7 views15 pages

Lecture 3 and 4, Week 2. Temperature and Zeroth Law, Pressure Scale Calculations

This document provides an overview of a thermodynamics lecture that covers temperature, pressure, and pressure measurement devices. It introduces the zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature. It defines pressure and how pressure varies with depth. It describes barometers and manometers for pressure measurement and includes examples of calculating pressure using these devices. The objectives are for students to understand temperature, pressure, pressure scales, and how to use barometers and manometers to measure and calculate pressure.

Uploaded by

Umer Majeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics

BS FST 308

Dr. Rafiq Ahmad


Assistant Professor
School of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, UMT.
Class learning objectives-outlines
After this lecture, students will be able to:

CLO 3.1: Describe the temperature and zeroth law of thermodynamics

CLO 3.2: Understand the term pressure and pressure scales and
variation of pressure with depth.

CLO 4.1: Understand the principle of barometer and manometer for


press measurements.

CLO 4.2: DO the pressure scale related calculations- practice will be


done in lab session 2
Temperature and zeroth law of thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamic is defined as:

If A is thermally in equilibrium with B and A is thermally in equilibrium with


C then B will be thermally in equilibrium with C.

The law tells us something which is temperature.

Heat flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. So


temperature is physical quantity which decides the direction of
heat flow.
Heat flow
100 C 80 C

FST308 3
Pressure
Amount of normal force or perpendicular force exerted on given
surface area

Pressure scales

FST308
4
Pressure

FST308
5
Ab. Pressure of a vacuum chamber
P.1
A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 5.8 psi at a location where
the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psi. Determine the absolute pressure in the
chamber.
Variation of pressure with depth
Pressure of fluid at rest
does not change in the
horizontal direction
Pressure of fluid at rest
increases with depth
Variation of pressure with depth
Barometers
It is a device which is used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

Patm = ρgh

21.10.2020 FST308 9
Problems

P.2
A mercury barometer located in a room at 25◦C has a height of
750 mm. What is the atmospheric pressure in kPa?
P.3
A mercury (Hg) manometer is used to measure the pressure in a
vessel as shown in Figure. The mercury has a density of 13590
kg/m3, and the height difference between the two columns is
measured to be 24 cm. We want to determine the pressure inside
the vessel.
Inclined Manometer
When measuring small pressure differences with a manometer, often one arm of the
manometer is inclined to improve the accuracy of reading. (The pressure difference
is still proportional to the vertical distance and not the actual length of the fluid along
the tube.

P:4 The air pressure in a circular duct is to be measured using a manometer whose
open arm is inclined 45° from the horizontal, as shown in Fig. P 1 — 116.
The density of the liquid in the manometer is 0.81 kg/L, and the vertical distance
between the fluid levels in the two arms of the manometer is 12 cm.
Determine the gage pressure of air in the duct and the length of the fluid column in
the inclined arm above the fluid level in the vertical arm.

Assumptions The manometer fluid is


an incompressible substance.

Properties The density of the liquid is


given to be ρ = 0.81 kg/L = 810 kg/m3
L= 15 cm
Measuring Pressure with a Manometer
P5:
A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The fluid used has
a specific gravity of 0.85 , and the manometer column height is 55 cm, as
shown in Figure. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine
the absolute pressure within the tank.

Assumptions: The fluid in the


tank is a gas whose density is
much lower
than the density of
manometer fluid.
Measuring Pressure with a Manometer
P6:
The water in the tank is pressurized by air and pressure is measured by a
multifluid manometers shown in figure. Determine the gauge pressure of
air in the tank if h1= 0.2 m, h2= 0.3m and h3= 0.4 meter. Take the density
of water to be 1000 kg/m3. The specific gravities of oil and mercury to be
0.85 and 13.6 respectively.
Summary - outcomes
Students have learned the following:
• The temperature term “which is a degree of hotness or coldness” was
introduced after the zeroth law of thermodynamics has been explained and
its significance.
• Students have learned the terms pressure and why the pressure only change
with the depth (vertical height).
• Students have also learned the principle of barometers and manometers.
• Furthermore, students have learned how to make a pressure balance to
calculate the pressure difference at two points using u-tube manometer
attached.

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