BASIC NETWORKING

CONCEPTS
Shubhkarman Singh
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CONTENTS
o Introduction to Computer Network

o Communication Model

o Transmission Modes

o Classification of Computer Network

o Network Media

o Internetworking
 COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer is a group of interconnected computers. It allows computers to
communicate with each other and to share hardware resources and
information.
First Network: The Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA) founded the
design of the “Advanced Research Projects Agency Network(ARPANET)” for the
United States Department of Defense.
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D ATA C O M M U N I C AT I O N M O D E L
 C O M M U N I C AT I O N M O D E L

o Source
• Generates Data to be Transmitted
o Transmitter
• Converts Data into Transmittable Signals
o Transmission System
• Carries Data
o Receiver
• Converts received signals into data
o Destination
• Takes incoming data
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D ATA C O M M U N I C AT I O N
MODEL
TYPES OF NETWORK
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN WAN MAN PAN
(Local Are Network) (Wide Area Network) (Metropolitan Area Network) (Personal Area Network)

o Contains printers, o Two or more LANs o Large Network that o Very small-scale
servers and connected. connects different network
computers. organizations.
o Over a large o Range is less than 20
o Systems are close to geographical area. o Shares Regional meters
each other. Sources.
o Typically use public or o Cell Phones, PDAs
o Contained in one leased lines
Office or Building. • Phone Lines
• Satellite
o Organizations often
have several LANs o The internet is a WAN
CLI ENT/ SERVER NETWO RK
o Nodes and Servers share data roles.

o Nodes are called clients.

o Servers are used to control access.

o Database Software.
o Access to data controlled by server

o Server is the most important computer.

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NETWORK
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N S
o By Topology/Physical Connectivity
• BUS
• STAR
• RING
• MESH
• TREE
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
o Logical layout of wires
and equipment.
o Choice effects
o Network performance
o Network size
o Network collision detection
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Click icon to add picture

BUS
o Also called linear bus
o One wire connects all nodes
o Terminator ends the wire
o Advantages
Easy to setup
Small amount of wire
o Disadvantages
Slow
Easy to crash
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S TA R
o All nodes connect to a hub
Packets sent to hub.
Hub sends packet to destination
o Advantages
Easy to setup
One cable cannot crash network
o Disadvantages
One hub crash downs entire network
Uses lots of cable
o Most common Topology
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RING
o Nodes connected in a circle.
o Tokens used to transmit data
Nodes must wait for token to send
o Advantages
Time to send data is known
No data collisions
o Disadvantages
Slow
Uses lots of cable
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MESH
o All computers connected together
o Internet is a mesh network
o Advantages
Data will always be delivered
o Disadvantages
Hard to setup
Uses lots of cable
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TREE
o Hierarchal Model
o Advantages
Scalable
Easy Implementation
Easy Troubleshooting
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NETWORK DEVICES
o Hub
o Repeater
o Bridge
o Switch
o Router
o Network Card
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HUB Click icon to add picture

o A hub is a network device that connects various network nodes,
e.g., in an Ethernet, in a star configuration. In the OSI (Open
Systems Interconnections) reference model, hubs are classified as
level 1 devices that operate at the physical layer. Their main task is
to interconnect several computers and immediately forward
received data. Hubs are usually made of plastic, run on an external
power supply and contain between 4 and 16 ports, i.e., physical
connections. Their maximum bandwidth is usually 10/100 Mbit per
second
o Disadvantages
Outdated technology
Lack of speed
Vulnerable to security issues
Lack of flexibility
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R E P E AT E R Click icon to add picture

o A repeater is an object that increases a signal's

strength, so it can travel greater distances without a
loss in quality. These devices are commonly used with
networks to help the lines running between network
devices reach farther destinations.

o Advantages
Repeaters can extend a network's total distance.
A repeater is simple to connect.
Repeaters do not seriously affect network performance.
It is cost-effective.

o Disadvantages
Network traffic
Cannot connect difference network architectures
Limitation in the number of repeaters
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BRIDGE Click icon to add picture

o A bridge in a computer network is a device used to connect
multiple LANs together with a larger Local Area Network
(LAN). The mechanism of network aggregation is known as
bridging. The bridge is a physical or hardware device but
operates at the OSI model’s data link layer and is also known
as a layer of two switches.
o Types of Bridges
Transparent bridge
Source routing bridge
Translation bridge
o Disadvantages:
Expensive as compared to hubs and repeaters.
Slow in speed.
Poor performance as additional processing is required to view the
MAC address of the device on the network.
As the traffic received is in bulk or is broadcasted traffic, individual
filtering of data is not possible.
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SWITCH Click icon to add picture

o The Switch is a network device that is used to segment the
networks into different subnetworks called subnets or LAN
segments. It is responsible for filtering and forwarding the
packets between LAN segments based on MAC address.
o Switches have many ports, and when data arrives at any port,
the destination address is examined first, and some checks are
also done and then it is processed to the devices. Different
types of communication are supported here like unicast,
multicast, and broadcast communication.
o Features of Network Switches
•It operates in Data Link Layer in OSI Model.
•It performs error checking before forwarding data.
•It transfers the data only to the device that has been addressed.
•It operates in full duplex mode.
•It allocates each LAN segment a limited bandwidth.
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ROUTER Click icon to add picture

o Routers are organizing gadgets which interconnects two
unique organizations. For a model, your home switch
interfaces your web association with a private neighborhood
organization. Aside from that it additionally does numerous
elements of making and keeping a nearby organization. In
contrast to different types of systems administration gadgets, a
Routers can proficiently decide the way of source and
objective. All the directing of bundles is finished utilizing
steering table
o Advantages of Router :
Association
Security
NAT usage
o Disadvantages
Speed
Cost
Usage
Data Transmission shortage
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NETWORK
CARD Click icon to add picture
o Network Interface Card is an equipment unit, which is inbuilt inside a PC
furnished with an opening, it associates the PC to a PC network for
correspondence with different gadgets by means of transports. There are
numerous equivalents for network interface card like network connector,
neighborhood (LAN) card or actual Network interface card, ethernet
regulator or ethernet connector, network regulator, and association card.
o Advantages :
The information move is exceptionally dependable among the hubs.
Enormous measure of information can be shared or moved between
numerous clients. The web speed for correspondence making conceivable is
normally high in gigabytes. By using numerous ports of NIC cards that are
given, a few peripherals can get stopped . The correspondence speed
utilizing the Internet is high generally in Gigabytes. Numerous fringe gadgets
can be associated utilizing numerous ports of NIC cards.
o Disadvantages:
Badly designed if there should arise an occurrence of wired link NIC, as it isn’t
convenient like a remote switch. The design should be legitimate for better
correspondence. Information is unstable. By using numerous ports of NIC
cards that are given, a few peripherals can get stopped. Security is minimal
low. To make fine correspondence the arrangement should be exact.
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NETWORK Click icon to add picture

MEDIA
o Links that connect nodes
o Choice impacts
Speed
Security
Size
25 TWISTED
PA I R Click icon to add picture
CABLE
o Most common LAN cable
o Called Cat5 or 100baseT
o Four pares of twisted copper cable
o Speed Range from 1Mpbs to 1,000Mbps
(1Gbps)
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COAXIAL
CABLE
o Like TV cable wire
o One wire runs through cable
o Speeds up to 10Mbps
o Nearly obsolete
27 FIBER-
OPTIC
CABLE
o Data is transmitted with light pulses
o Glass strand is used instead of cable
o Speeds up to 100Gbps
o Very secure
o Hard to work with
WIRELESS MEDIA
o Data transmitted through the air

o LANs use Radio waves

o WANs use Microwaves

o Easy to set up

o Difficult to secure
 INTERNETWORK
o An Internetwork is the connection of two or more distinct computer
networks or network segments via a common routing technology.
o Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial,
industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an
internetwork.
 INTERNETWORK
Intranet
An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tool such as web browsers
and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. Most
commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an organization
Extranet
An extranet is a network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity, but
which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily,
trusted organizations or entities, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one
connection with an external network.
Internet
The Internet consists of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private
networks based upon the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Internet is also
the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW)
THANK YOU
Shubhkarman Singh​
[email protected]