PHYSICS

Project Report
On
“Electromagnetic induction”

Submitted by :-
Khushi Mishra and
Mehak
From class 12-A
 Index
• Certificate
• Acknowledgement
• Aim of project
• Introduction
• Theory
• Apparatus required
• Law
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
 Certificate
This is to certify that this “Project
Report” on the topic “Electromagnetic
induction” has been successfully
completed by Khushi Mishra and Mehak
of class XII-A under the guidance of Mrs.
Priyanka Garg in particular fulfilment of
the curriculam of Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to
the award of annual examination of the
year 2023-24.
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my English
teacher Mrs. Priyanka Garg as well as
our principal Mrs. Deepti Jagota who
gave me the golden oppurtunity to do
this wonderful project report on the
topic “Electromagnetic Induction” ,
which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
 Aim
“To determine the
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic
Induction using a copper wire wound
over an iron rod and a strong magnet.”
 Introduction
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that predicts
how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of
transformers , inductors and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael

Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the result of his experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using a concept he called lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic are extremely important since they provide a means to
precisely describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe
arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena
not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also
makes possible a host of technological innovations that defines modern
society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of the
principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural technologies that improve
our quality of life such as electric power generation. Faraday’s law has a
great impact on many aspects.
Faraday’s Law is the Circuit of the experiments of the English chemist and
physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of electromagnetic induction was
actually discovered simultaneous in 1831 by Faraday’s in London and
Joseph, an American scientist working in New York but faraday is credited
for the law since he published his work first. An important aspect of the
equation that qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work of Heinrich lenz,
a Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s law, now
known as Lenz’s law in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an electric

field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic field. Before
expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an understanding
of the fields, as well as the related concept of potentials. Faraday’s first
experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction (August 29,1831),
he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus” (an
arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.
Faraday’s First Experiment :-
Some physicist have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena:-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire
(see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric
force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday
equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861
paper on physical lines of force in this latter half part II of that paper,
Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two
phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic
induction is made in some modern textbooks.
 Theory
Magnetic Flux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB ) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the Weber (WB) (in derived units :- volt-second), and
the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
flux-meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates
the change of voltage in the measuring coil to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a

surface of vector area A is

Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of WB/m2 (Tesla). A is the area of the surface,
and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to A. For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element , where we may
consider the field to be constant.

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the

fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also be defined
as

Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S which
is denoted dS
 Apparatus Required
• Insulated copper wire
• An iron rod
• A strong magnet
• A light emittng diode (LED)
 Law
The most widespread version of faraday’s law states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to

the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s Law strictly holds only when the

closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all
circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because the wire

loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s Law of induction
say that the wire loop acquires an EMF ɛ , defined as the enegy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop
(the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that
would be measured by connecting the wire to create an open
circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units).
F = q(E + V*B)
The EMF on a wire loop is :-

Where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka

magnetic flux density, magnetic inuction) , dl is an infinitesimal
arc length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along
the wire (along the curve the coincident with the shape of the
wire).
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying
magnet field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying,
non-conservative electric fields, and vice versa. The Maxwell-
Faraday equation is :-

Where is the curl operator and again E (r,t) is the electric

field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally
be funtions of postion r and time t.
The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law , are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting with
these equation. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting
point and used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday equation and/or
other laws.
 Conclusion
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth centuary,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept
has many far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways : from the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound Faraday’s law has on us.
 Bibliography
• www.Wikipedia.com
• www.google.com
• Class 12 Physics Lab manual
• Class 12 NCERT textbook