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Orbital

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17 views21 pages

Orbital

Uploaded by

yuriesato7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ORBITAL

Prepared by; Myleen L. Velasquez, Lpt


What is Orbital
Quantum mechanical model
 comes from the mathematical solution to the
Schrodinger equation
 it views an electron as a cloud of negative charge
having a certain geometrical shape.
Quantum mechanical model
 gives information about the energy of an electron
 describes the region of space around the nucleus as
consisting of shells. This shells are also called principal
or main energy levels.
 these sublevels are assign with letters: s, p, d, f and g
Quantum Number
1. Base on the table, how many types of orbitals are in
principal energy level three (3)

2. How many atomic orbitals are in highest sublevel of


principal energy level three (3)
Shapes of orbital

Take note! Orbitals have specific energy values. They


have particular shapes and direction in space.
Electron configuration
 The electron configuration of an element describes
how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals.
 Electron configurations of atoms follow a standard
notation in which all electron-containing atomic
subshells (with the number of electrons they hold
written in superscript) are placed in a sequence. For
example, the electron configuration of sodium is
 1 223.
Writing electron configuration
Shells
The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated
in a shell is based on the principal quantum number (n). It is
represented by the formula 2n2, where ‘n’ is the shell number.
The shells, values of n, and the total number of electrons that
can be accommodated are tabulated below.
Shell and ‘n’ value Maximum electrons present
in the shell

K shell, n=1 2*12 = 2

L shell, n=2 2*22 = 8

M shell, n=3 2*32 = 18

N shell, n=4 2*42 = 32


Subshells
• the s, p, d, and f subshells can accommodate a
maximum of 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons, respectively.
Principle Quantum Value of Azimuthal Resulting Subshell in the
Number Value Quantum Number Electron Configuration

n=1 l=0 1s
n=2 l=0 2s
l=1 2p
n=3 l=0 3s
l=1 3p
l=2 3d
n=4 l=0 4s
l=1 4p
l=2 4d
l=3 4f
Notation
• The electron configuration of an atom is written with the
help of subshell labels.
• These labels contain the shell number (given by the
principal quantum number), the subshell name (given by
the azimuthal quantum number) and the total number of
electrons in the subshell in superscript.
• For example, if two electrons are filled in the ‘s’ subshell of
the first shell, the resulting notation is ‘1s 2’.
• With the help of these subshell labels, the electron
configuration of magnesium (atomic number 12) can be
written as 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2.
Filling of Atomic Orbitals
Aufbau Principle

• This principle is named after the German word ‘Aufbeen’ which


means ‘build up’.

• The Aufbau principle dictates that electrons will occupy the orbitals
having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals.
• The energy of an orbital is calculated by the sum of the principal
and the azimuthal quantum numbers.
• According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following
order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f,
6d, 7p…
The order in which electrons are filled in atomic orbitals
as per the Aufbau principle is illustrated below.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
• The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of
two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an
orbital.
• This principle can also be stated as “no two electrons in
the same atom have the same values for all four quantum
numbers”.
• Therefore, if the principal, azimuthal, and magnetic
numbers are the same for two electrons, they must have
opposite spins
Hund’s Rule
• This rule describes the order in which electrons are filled
in all the orbitals belonging to a subshell.
• It states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly
occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in
an orbital.
• In order to maximize the total spin, the electrons in the
orbitals that only contain one electron all have the same
spin (or the same values of the spin quantum number).

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