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Chapter 3 Equilibrium

1) The document discusses the concept of equilibrium in engineering mechanics. It defines equilibrium as a state where the resultant of all forces acting on a rigid body is zero. 2) It examines equilibrium in two and three dimensions. In two dimensions, a body can be treated as a planar system when forces act in a single plane. Equilibrium conditions include analyzing collinear, concurrent and parallel forces. 3) Key steps to determine equilibrium include isolating the system using a free body diagram, identifying all external forces, and ensuring the resultant force and moment vectors are both zero. Constraints and their relationship to static determinacy are also discussed.

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54 views

Chapter 3 Equilibrium

1) The document discusses the concept of equilibrium in engineering mechanics. It defines equilibrium as a state where the resultant of all forces acting on a rigid body is zero. 2) It examines equilibrium in two and three dimensions. In two dimensions, a body can be treated as a planar system when forces act in a single plane. Equilibrium conditions include analyzing collinear, concurrent and parallel forces. 3) Key steps to determine equilibrium include isolating the system using a free body diagram, identifying all external forces, and ensuring the resultant force and moment vectors are both zero. Constraints and their relationship to static determinacy are also discussed.

Uploaded by

tewodros ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Equilibrium

Engineering mechanics
Content
3. EQUILIBRIUM
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Equilibrium in Two-Dimensions
3.2.1. System Isolation and the Free Body Diagram
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
3.3.1. Equilibrium conditions
Equilibrium
3.1. Introduction
• Statics deals with rigid and semi-rigid
bodies in equilibrium.
• Hence equilibrium constitute the most
important part of statics.
• A body is said to be in equilibrium when
the resultant of all the forces acting on it
is zero
3.2. EQUILIBRIUM IN TWO-DIMENSIONS
3.2. Equilibrium in Two Dimension
• All physical bodies are three-dimensional,
but can be treated as two-dimensional
when the forces to which they are
subjected act in a single plane.
• When this simplification is not possible
the problem will be treated as three
dimensional.
3.2.1. System Isolation and the Free Body Diagram

• Before considering equilibrium conditions


 It is necessary to define unambiguously
the particular body or mechanical
system
 and represent clearly and completely all
forces which act on the body
• A mechanical system is defined as a body or
group of bodies that can be conceptually
isolated from all other bodies
• This isolation from surrounding bodies is
accomplished by means of the free body
diagram
3.2.1. System Isolation and the Free Body Diagram

Modeling the action of forces


• The most important step in drawing the free
body diagram will be to show the external
forces exerted on the rigid body
3.2.1. System Isolation and the Free Body Diagram
3.2.1. System Isolation and the Free Body Diagram
3.2.1. System Isolation and the Free Body Diagram

Steps for the construction of free body diagram


Step 1 Decide which body or combination of
bodies to be considered.
Step 2 The body or combination chosen is isolated
by a diagram that represents its complete
external boundary.
Step 3 All forces that act on the isolated body by
the removed contacting and attracting
bodies and represented in their proper
positions on the diagram of the isolated
body.
Step 4 Show the choice of coordinate axes directly
on the diagram
Examples of Free Body Diagram
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
• It was stated that a body is in equilibrium
if the resultant force vector and the
resultant couple vector are both zero

• Categories of Equilibrium
Category 1 equilibrium of collinear forces
Category 2 equilibrium of concurrent forces
Category 3 equilibrium of parallel forces in a plane
Category 4 equilibrium of a general system of
forces in a plane
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
Alternative equilibrium equations
 One force and two moment equations

 Three-moment equation
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
Constraints and Statical Determinacy
• The equilibrium equations developed
earlier are necessary and sufficient
conditions to establish the equilibrium of
a body.
• But this does not necessarily provide all
the information to calculate all the
unknowns
• The adequacy of the equations to
determine the unknowns depends on the
characteristics of the constraint
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
• A rigid body or rigid combination of
elements treated as a single body, which
possesses more external supports or
constraints than are necessary to
maintain an equilibrium position called
statically indeterminate.
• Equilibrium equations are not enough to
determine the unknown forces.
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
• Supports which can be removed without
destroying the equilibrium condition of
the body are said to be redundant
• The number of redundant corresponds to
the degree of statical indeterminacy
Degree of statical indeterminacy =
Unknown external forces – number of
independent equilibrium equations
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
• Bodies which are supported by the
minimum number of constraints
necessary to ensure an equilibrium
configuration are called statically
indeterminate.
• Equilibrium equations are sufficient to
determine the unknown forces.
3.2.2. Equilibrium Conditions
• Adequacy of constraint
• The adequacy of the constraints to prevent
possible movement of the body depends on the
number, arrangement and characteristics of the
constraints.
Exercise
3.3. EQUILIBRIUM IN THREE-DIMENSIONS
3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
3.3.1. Equilibrium conditions
• For a body to be in equilibrium it is required
that the resultant force and resultant couple
on a body be zero.

• This six equations are both necessary and


sufficient conditions for complete
equilibrium.
3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
Modeling the action of forces
3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
Modeling the action of forces
3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
Categories of Equilibrium
3.3. Equilibrium in Three-Dimensions
Constraints and Statical Determinacy
• The adequacy of the equations to determine
the unknowns depends on the characteristics of
the constraint

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