SHREE SAD VIDYA MANDAL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,
BHARUCH

Subject : Elements of civil Engineering

Topic : Angular Measurement
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 Group Members :
1. Patel Aakil - 150450119103
2. Patel Fahim - 150450119104
3. Patel Monil - 150450119105
4. Patel Nehal - 150450119106
5. Patel Parth - 150450119107
 Contents
 Angular Measurement
 Types Of Tools
 Prismatic compass
 Surveyor's compass
 Bearings
 Sine Bar
 Try square
 Dial Gauge
 Clinometers etc..

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 Angular Measurement :
 Chain surveying can be used when
the area to be surveyed is
comparatively small and is fairly flat.
 But when the area is large, undulating
and crowded with many details,
triangulation is not possible.

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 Types Of Tools Used For
Angular Measurement:-
• Most common tools :
• Instrument used for the direct
measurement of directions of
survey lines:
(1.) A Compass
 Instruments used for the
measurement of horizontal angles
between survey lines. 1) A
theodolite
2) A total station
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COMPASS SURVEYING
 INTRODUCTION
 Chain surveying can be used when the area to be
surveyed is comparatively is small and is fairly
flat.
 But when the area is large , undulating and
crowded with many details , triangulation(which
is the principle of chain survey) is not possible.
 In such an area , the method of surveying is used.
 Traversing
 In traversing , the frame work consist of
connected lines.
 The length are measured by a chain or a tape and
the direction measured by angle measuring
instruments.
 Hence in compass surveying direction of survey
lines are determined with a compass and the
length of the lines are measured with a tape or a
chain. This process is known as compass
traversing.
 Principle of compass surveying
 The principle of compass surveying is traversing;
which involves a series of connected lines.
 The magnetic bearing of the lines are measured by
prismatic compass.
 Compass surveying is recommended when the area
is large, undulating and crowded with many details.
 Compass surveying is not recommended for areas
where local attraction is suspected due to the
presence of magnetic substances like steel structures,
iron ore deposits, electric cables , and so on.
 Compass
 A compass is a small instrument essentially
consisting of a graduated circle, and a line of
sight.
 The compass can not measures angle between
two lines directly but can measure angle of a
line with reference to magnetic meridian at the
instrument station point is called magnetic
bearing of a line.
 Types of compass
 There are two types of magnetic compass they
are as follows:-
 The prismatic compass
 The Surveyer’s compass
PRISMATIC COMPASS
 Elements of prismatic compass
 Cylindrical metal box: Cylindrical metal box is having diameter of 8to 12
cm. It protects the compass and forms entire casing or body of the
compass. It protect compass from dust, rain etc.

 Pivot: pivot is provided at the center of the compass and supports freely
suspended magnetic needle over it.

 lifting pin and lifting lever: a lifting pin is provided just below the sight
vane. When the sight vane is folded, it presses the lifting pin. The lifting
pin with the help of lifting lever then lifts the magnetic needle out of pivot
point to prevent damage to the pivot head.
 Magnetic needle: Magnetic needle is the heart of the instrument. This
needle measures angle of a line from magnetic meridian as the needle
always remains pointed towards north south pole at two ends of the
needle when freely suspended on any support.

 Graduated circle or ring: This is an aluminum graduated ring

marked with 0ᴼ to 360ᴼ to measures all possible bearings of lines, and
attached with the magnetic needle. The ring is graduated to half a
degree.

 Prism : prism is used to read graduations on ring and to take exact

reading by compass. It is placed exactly opposite to object vane. The
prism hole is protected by prism cap to protect it from dust and
moisture.
 Object vane: object vane is diametrically opposite to the
prism and eye vane. The object vane is carrying a horse hair
or black thin wire to sight object in line with eye sight.
 Eye vane: Eye vane is a fine slit provided with the eye hole at
bottom to bisect the object from slit.
 Glass cover: its covers the instrument box from the top such
that needle and graduated ring is seen from the top.
 Sun glasses: These are used when some luminous objects are
to be bisected.
 Reflecting mirror: It is used to get image of an object located
above or below the instrument level while bisection. It is
placed on the object vane.
 Spring brake or brake pin: to damp the oscillation of the
needle before taking a reading and to bring it to rest quickly,
the light spring brake attached to the box is brought in contact
with the edge of the ring by gently pressing inward the brake
pin
 Temporary adjustment of prismatic
compass
 The following procedure should be adopted after fixing the prismatic
compass on the tripod for measuring the bearing of a line.
 Centering : Centering is the operation in which compass is kept exactly
over the station from where the bearing is to be determined. The centering
is checked by dropping a small pebble from the underside of the compass.
If the pebble falls on the top of the peg then the centering is correct, if not
then the centering is corrected by adjusting the legs of the tripod.
Leveling : Leveling of the compass is done with the aim to
freely swing the graduated circular ring of the prismatic
compass. The ball and socket arrangement on the tripod will
help to achieve a proper level of the compass. This can be
checked by rolling round pencil on glass cover.
Focusing : the prism is moved up or down in its slide till the
graduations on the aluminum ring are seen clear, sharp and
perfect focus. The position of the prism will depend upon the
vision of the observer.
 Observing Bearing of Line
NORTH
 Consider a line AB of OBJECT B
which the magnetic
bearing is to be taken. 180
 By fixing the ranging rod
at station B we get the
magnetic bearing of 90 A 270
needle wrt north pole.
 The enlarged portion
gives actual pattern of 0
LINE OF
graduations marked on SIGHT
ring. SOUTH
 The Surveyor`s Compass
 It is similar to a prismatic compass except that
it has a only plain eye slit instead of eye slit
with prism and eye hole.
 This compass is having pointed needle in place
of broad form needle as in case of prismatic
compass.
SURVEYOR’S COMPASS
 Working of Surveyor`s Compass
 1) Centering
 2) LEVELING
 3) OBSERVING THE BEARING OF A LINE
 First two observation are same as prismatic
compass but third observation differs from that.
 3) OBSERVING THE BEARING OF A LINE : in
this compass ,the reading is taken from the top of
glass and under the tip of north end of the
magnetic needle directly. No prism is provided
here.
 BEARINGS
 The bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes with a reference
line(meridian).
 Depending upon the meridian , there are four type of bearings they are as
follows:
 1) True Bearing: The true bearing of a line is the horizontal angle between the
true meridian and the survey line. The true bearing is measured from the true
north in the clockwise direction.

 2) Magnetic Bearing: the magnetic bearing of a line is the horizontal angle

which the line makes with the magnetic north.

 3) Grid Bearing: The grid bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which the
line makes with the grid meridian.

 4) Arbitrary Bearing: The arbitrary baring of a line is the horizontal angle

which the line makes with the arbitrary meridian.
 BEARINGS
MAGNETIC
MERIDIAN
TN
MN
TRUE
MERIDIAN

MAGNETIC
BEARING
B

TRUE BEARING
 Designation of bearing
 The bearing are designated in the following
two system:-
 1) Whole Circle Bearing System.(W.C.B)
 2) Quadrantal Bearing System.(Q.B)
 Whole circle bearing system(W.C.B.)
 The bearing of a line measured with respect to
magnetic meridian in clockwise direction is
called magnetic bearing and its value varies
between 0ᴼ to 360ᴼ.
 The quadrant start from north an progress in a
clockwise direction as the first quadrant is 0ᴼ
to 90ᴼ in clockwise direction , 2nd 90ᴼ to 180ᴼ ,
3rd 180ᴼ to 270ᴼ, and up to 360ᴼ is 4th one.
WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING
 Quadrantal bearing system(Q.B.)
 In this system, the bearing of survey lines are
measured wrt to north line or south line which
ever is the nearest to the given survey line and
either in clockwise direction or in anti
clockwise direction.
QUADRANTAL BEARING
 Reduced bearing (R.B)
 When the whole circle bearing is converted
into Quadrantal bearing , it is termed as
“REDUCED BEARING”.
 Thus , the reduced bearing is similar to the
Quadrantal bearing.
 Its values lies between 0ᴼ to 90ᴼ, but the
quadrant should be mentioned for proper
designation.
 The following table should be remembered for conversion
of WCB to RB.
W.C.B OF ANY QUADRANT IN RULES FOR QUADRANT
LINE WHICH IT LIES CONVERSION

0 TO 90 I RB=WCB N-E

90 TO 180 II RB=180-WCB S-E

180 TO 270 III RB =WCB-180ᴼ S-W

270 TO 360 IV RB=360ᴼ - WCB N-W

 Fore bearing and Back bearing
 The bearing of a line measured in the forward
direction of the survey lines is called the ‘fore
bearing’(F.B.) of that line.
 The bearing of a line measured in direction
backward to the direction of the progress of
survey is called the ‘back bearing’(B.B.) of the
line.
 NORTH
FB of AB = Θ1(from A to B)
BB of AB= Θ2(from B to A)
NORTH

B
)
NG Remembering following points:
BE AR I
Θ1 FORE G) Θ2 1) In the WCB system ,the differences b/n
( IN
B EA R the FB and BB should be exactly 180ᴼ.
A CK Remember the following relation :
( BA
BB=FB+/-180ᴼ
BB of line AB + is applied when FB is <180ᴼ
- is applied when BB is >180ᴼ

2) In the reduced bearing system the FB

and BB are numerically equal but the
FB of line AB quadrants are just opposite.
 Computation of Angles
 Observing the bearing of the lines B

of a closed traverse, it is possible to

A
calculate the included angles, which
can be used for plotting the traverse. C
 At the station where two survey
lines meet, two angles are formed- D

an exterior angles and an interior

angles. The interior angles or
included angle is generally the
smaller angles(<180ᴼ).
 EXAMPLES
M
E EXTERIOR ANGLE B
BB A

FB B FB
A /_A

BB

C
B

INCLUDED AT STATION B ,FB of BB OF AB were measured .

ANGLE Difference of these two bearing will give you
exterior angle B.
AT STATION A,FB of AB and BB of EB were
measured. Difference of these two bearing give EXTERIOR ANGLE B=BB OF AB-FB OF BC
interior angle A. INTERIOR ANGLE B=360ᴼ-EXTERIOR ANGLE

Angle A =FB OF AB – BB OF EA
 Meridian
 Bearing of a line is always measured clockwise wrt some reference line or
direction. This fixed line is known as meridian.

 There three types of meridian:

 1) Magnetic meridian: The direction shown by a freely suspended needle

which is magnetized and balanced properly without influenced by any other
factors is known as magnetic meridian.

 2) True meridian : True meridian is the line which passes through the true
north and south. The direction of true meridian at any point can be determined
by either observing the bearing of the sun at 12 noon or by sun’s shadow.

 3) Arbitrary meridian: In case of small works or in places where true

meridian or magnetic meridian cannot be determined, then ,any direction of a
prominent object is taken as a reference direction called as arbitrary meridian.
Angular Measure Tools

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 Protractor

Whole degree increments

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Multi-Use Gauge
Pre-set positions for
45 and 90 degrees,
59 degree drill point
angle, and whole
degree increments.

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 Multi-Use Gauge

Pre-set position for 90 degrees. 39

 Multi-Use Gauge

Pre-set position for 45 degrees.

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 Multi-Use Gage

Measuring 59 degree drill point angle.

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Protractor Head

Whole
degree
increments

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Protractor
Built-in
Spirit
Level

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Protractor

Angular
Measure
with
Protractor
Head

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Transfer-type Protractors

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 Universal Bevel Protractor
• Precision angles
to within 5'
(0.083º)
• It Consists of :-
• Base
• Vernier scale
• Protractor dial
• Sliding blade
• Dial clamp nut

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 Vernier Protractor
• Used to measure obtuse angle (90º-180º)
• Acute-angle attachment fastened to
protractor to measure angles less than 90º
• Main scale divided into
two arcs of 180º
• Scale divided into 12
spaces on each side of 0
• If zero on vernier scale
coincides with line on
main: reading in degrees

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 Reading a Vernier Protractor
 Note number of whole degrees between zero
on main scale and zero on vernier scale
•Proceeding in same direction, note which
vernier line coincides with main scale line
•Multiply number by 5' and add toFourth
degrees on protractor dial
50º
4 x 5'= 20'
Reading =
50º 20'

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 Sine Bars
• Used when accuracy of angle must be
checked to less than 5 minutes
• Consists of steel bar with two cylinders
of equal diameter fastened near ends
• Centers of cylinders exactly 90º to edge
• Distance between centers usually 5 or 10
inches and 100 or 200 millimeters.
• Made of stabilized tool hardened steel

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Sine Bar

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Sine Bars

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 TRY SQUARE
 A try square is a wood working or a metal
working used for marking and measuring a piece
of wood. The square refers to the tool's primary
use of measuring the accuracy of a right
angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its
straightness or correspondence to an adjoining
surface. A piece of wood that is rectangular, flat,
and has all edges (faces, sides, and ends) 90
degrees is called four square.

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 Dial Gauge
 The dial gauge also known as the indicating
gauge and used for checking concentricity
of rods, holes and flatness of surfaces to
accuracy of 0.01mm. These gauges are
widely used on lathe.

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 Clinometer
 A clinometer is an instrument used for
measuring angle relative to the horizontal
plane.

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 Type Of clinometer
 Vernier Clinometer
 Micrometer
 Dial
 Pendulum
 Optical

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THANKS

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