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1-Introduction - Overview of Organization and Architecture-03-01-2024

Computer architecture and organization describes how a computer system works internally. It covers the functional components of a computer including the input, output, memory, central processing unit, and control unit. It also describes how these components interconnect and how the computer executes instructions step-by-step to process data. Computer architecture deals with the requirements and design of the system while computer organization describes how the design is implemented.

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21 views

1-Introduction - Overview of Organization and Architecture-03-01-2024

Computer architecture and organization describes how a computer system works internally. It covers the functional components of a computer including the input, output, memory, central processing unit, and control unit. It also describes how these components interconnect and how the computer executes instructions step-by-step to process data. Computer architecture deals with the requirements and design of the system while computer organization describes how the design is implemented.

Uploaded by

vanchagarg
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

AND ORGANIZATION
Objectives
1. To provide basic concepts of computer architecture
and organization
2. To impart the knowledge of implementation of
arithmetic operations in the computer.
3. To develop a deeper understanding of the hardware
environment upon which all processing are carried
out.
4. To provide knowledge about internals of memory
system, interfacing techniques and subsystem
devices.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
• Introduction to computer systems
• Overview of organization and architecture
• Functional components of a computer
• Registers and register files
• Interconnection of components
• Organization of Von Neumann machine
• Harvard architecture
• CISC and RISC
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
SYSTEM
•A computer is an electronic data processing machine
that accepts data and instructions through input unit
(or from memory) and processes data as per the
instruction, to get desired output.

•A computer system is a complex system consists of


both hardware and software
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
• The hardware
components of a
computer system are the
electronic and
mechanical parts

• The software components


of a computer system are
the data and the computer
programs.
• Computer is a digital device, which works on two levels
of signal: High or Low
• High level signal (5v or 12v) and low level signal (0v)
•To make it convenient,
•0v represented by L (Low) or 0
•5v represented by H(High) or 1
• All the functionalities of the computer system are
represented with 0 and 1
• Binary number system is used to represent information
and manipulation of information in computer
2. OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Computer Architecture
• Computer Architecture is a functional description of requirements
and design implementation for the various parts of Computer.
• It deals with functional behavior of computer system. It comes
before the computer organization while designing a computer.
• Architecture describes what the computer does.
Computer Organization
• Computer Organization comes after the decide of Computer
Architecture first.
• Computer Organization is how operational attribute are linked
together and contribute to realise the architectural specification.
• Organization describes how it does it.
3. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
Functional components of a computer
Input unit accepts Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU):
information: •Performs the desired
•Human operators, operations on the input
•Electromechanical devices (keyboard) information as determined
•Other computers by instructions in the memory

Memory
Arithmetic
Input
Instr1 & Logic
Instr2
Instr3
Data1
Output Data2 Control

I/O Stores Processor


information: Control unit coordinates
Output unit sends various actions
•Instructions,
results of processing: •Input,
•To a monitor display, •Data
•Output
•To a printer •Processing

9
INPUT UNIT
MEMORY
• Physical device to store programs or data
•Two types:
– Main memory (Physical memory) and
– Secondary memory

• Main memory vs Secondary memory


MAIN MEMORY VS SECONDARY MEMORY
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
•Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
• Most computer operations are performed at ALU
• Example
Control Unit
• Operations of all the units are coordinated by control
unit

• Sends control signal to all the units

• Timing signals that govern the data transfer, are


generated by control circuits

• Timing signals are signals that determine when a


given action takes place
OUTPUT UNIT
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• The beginning of computing – Abacus 3000 BC
• Calculating tool that was in use centuries before the
adoption of the written modern numeral system
• Still widely used by traders, merchants and clerks in
Asia and Africa
BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE (1823)
• He was a mathematician, philosopher and a mechanical
engineer
• He is best remembered now for originating the concept of a
programmable computer
• He is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer
(So considered as father of computer)
ENIAC (1943 -1946)
• ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator And Computer)
• Designed by Mauchly and Eckert (University of Pennsylvaniya)
• First general purpose electronic computer
• Response to WW2 need to calculate trajectory tables for weapons
• ENIAC details in decimal (not binary)
• 20 accumulators for 10 digits
• Programmed manually by switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes, 30 tons
• 15,000 sft, 140 KW power consumption
• 5000 additions per second
ENIAC (1943 -1946)
• Vacuum tubes
TRANSISTOR BASED COMPUTERS
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller, cheaper and less heat dissipation
• Made from silicon (sand)
• Invented at Bell labs, 1947
• Commercial Transistor based computers: National
Cash Register (NCR)'s & Radio Corporation of
America (RCA) produced small transistor machines,
IBM 7000, DEC – 1957 (PDP -1)
TRANSISTOR BASED COMPUTERS

• First transistor based computer – Manchester


University (1953)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• The transistor based computers contained about
10000 transistors – but grew up to hundreds of
thousands
• Integrated circuits revolutionized electronics
• Silicon chip - collection of tiny transistors
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
• Vacuum tubes – 1946 – 1957 (one bit – size of hand)
• Transistors - 1958 -1964 (one bit – size of a finger nail)
• Small Scale Integration (SSI) – 1965 onwards (up to 100 of
devices on a single chip)
• Medium Scale Integration (MSI) –up to 1971 (100 to 3000
devices on chip
• Large Scale Integration (LSI) – 1971 -1977 (3000 to 100,000
devices on a chip
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) – 1978 – Till date
(100,000 to 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) (over 100,000,000
devices on a chip
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Generation Period Technology
First 1945 - 1954 Vacuum Tubes
Second 1955 - 1964 Transistors
Third 1965 -1974 Integrated
Circuits
(SSI, MSI)
Fourth 1975 - Integrated
Circuits
? (LSI, VLSI)
FIFTH ? AI, Neural
Network, Web
Computing
etc.

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