PHYSICS

T O P I C 3 : PA R T I C L E M O D E L O F AT O M
 PARTICLE MODEL

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 PARTICLE MODEL
• The particle model is simpler than it sounds. It says that everything is made up
of lots of tiny particles and describes how those particles behave in the
three states of matter — solids, liquids and gases.

• In the particle model, you can think of the particles that make up matter as
tiny balls. You can explain the ways that matter behaves in terms of how these
tiny balls move, and the forces between them.

• The three states of matter are solid (e.g. ice), liquid (e.g. water) and gas (e.g.
water vapour). The particles of a substance in each state are the same-
only the arrangement and energy of the particles are different.
 SOLIDS

• Strong forces of attraction hold the particles close

together in a fixed, regular arrangement.

• The particles don't have much energy so they can only

vibrate about their fixed positions.

• The density is generally highest in this state as the

particles are closest together.
 LIQUIDS
• There are weaker forces of attraction between the
particles.

• The particles are close together, but can move past

each other, and form irregular arrangements.

• For any given substance, in the liquid state its particles

will have more energy than in the solid state (but
less energy than in the gas state).

• They move in random directions at low speeds.

• Liquids are generally less dense than solids.

 GASES
• There are almost no forces of attraction between the
particles.

• For any given substance, in the gas state its particles

will have more energy than in the solid state or the
liquid state.

• They are free to move, and travel in random directions

and at high speeds.

• Gases have low densities.

 Revision Exercise

SOLIDS

In a solid the particles ______

around a _____ position. There
is a ______ force of attraction
between each particle and they
are very _____ together

Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed

 Revision Exercise
LIQUIDS
In a liquid the particles are
_____ together but can move in
any direction. They won’t keep a
_____ shape like _____ do.
GASES
In a gas the particles are very
far apart and move _____ in all
directions. They often ______
with each other and because
they are far apart they can be
easily _______.

Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, squashed, solids

 DENSITY

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 Lets Think Out Of The Box

Solid

Gas

Which one is the most

dense and why?
Liquid 24/01/2024
 DENSITY
• Density is a measure of the 'compactness' of a substance. It relates the
mass of a substance to how much space it takes up (i.e. it's a substance's
mass per unit volume).

• The units of density are kg/ (the mass is in kg and the volume is in ).
 MORE ABOUT DENSITY
• The density of an object depends on what it's made of.

• A dense material has its particles packed tightly together. The particles in a
less dense material are more spread out - if you compressed the material,
its particles would move closer together, and it would become denser. (You
wouldn't be changing its mass, but you would be decreasing its volume.)

• This means that density varies between different states of matter Solids
are generally denser than liquids, and gases are usually less
dense than liquids.
 DENSITY

• Changing the state of a material will change its density

• There is little difference between the density of a liquid and its

corresponding solid (eg water and ice). This is because the particles are
tightly packed in both states. The same number of particles in a gas spread
further apart than in the liquid or solid states. The same mass takes up a
bigger volume - this means the gas is less dense.
 Exercise Questions
Mass m You need to
Density = ρ= remember this
Volume V equation!

1) What is the density of a piece of wood of 600kg/m3

volume 2m3 and mass 1200kg?
2) What is the density of aluminium if 0.5m3 2700km/m3
has a mass of 1350kg?
3) Air only has a density of 1.3kg/m3. What is 3.9kg
the mass of 3m3 of air?
4) Carbon dioxide is more dense (2kg/m3). If 0.25m3
you had 0.5kg of carbon dioxide what volume
would this be?
FINDING DENSITY OF A SOLID
FINDING DENSITY OF A
LIQUID
 INTERNAL ENERGY &
ENERGY TRANSFERS

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 INTERNAL ENERGY IS STORED BY
PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP
• SYSTEM
The particles in a system vibrate or move around - they have
energy in their kinetic energy stores.
• They also have energy in their potential energy stores due to
their positions
• The internal energy of a system is the total energy that its
particles have in their kinetic and potential energy stores.
• Heating the system transfers energy to its particles (they gain
energy in their kinetic stores and move faster, increasing the
internal energy.
• A change in state occurs if the substance is heated enough -
the particles will have enough energy in their kinetic energy
stores to break the bonds holding them together.
 MORE ABOUT INTERNAL ENERGY
• When a material is heated or cooled, two changes may happen to the particles
within the material:
• Chemical bonds between the particles may form, break or stretch. There is a change
in the chemical potential store of energy in the material.

• The material will heat up or cool down as the particles within it gain or lose speed.
There is a change in the thermal store of energy within the material.

• The internal energy is the total amount of kinetic energy and chemical
potential energy of all the particles in the system.
 CHANGE OF STATE CONSERVE
• MASS
A change of state is a physical change (rather than a chemical change). This means you
don't end up with a new substance - it's the same substance as you started with, just in
a different form.

• The number of particles doesn't change - they're just arranged differently. This means
mass is conserved — none of it is lost when the substance changes state.
 SPECIFIC LATENT
HEAT

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 CHANGE OF STATE REQUIRE
•
ENERGY
When a substance is melting or boiling,
you're still putting in energy and so
increasing the internal energy, but the
energy's used for breaking intermolecular
bonds rather than raising the
temperature.

• There are flat spots on the heating graph

where energy is being transferred by
heating but not being used to change
the temperature.
 CHANGE OF STATE REQUIRE
ENERGY
• When a substance is condensing or
freezing. bonds are forming, between
particles, which releases energy. This
means the internal energy decreases,
but the temperature doesn't go down
until all the substance has turned to
liquid (condensing) or a solid
(freezing).The flat parts of the graph
show this energy transfer.
 SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT
• The specific latent heat (SLH) of a substance is the amount of energy needed
to change 1 kg of it from one state to another without changing its
temperature.

• The specific latent heat for changing between a solid and a liquid (melting or
freezing) is called the specific latent heat of fusion. The specific latent heat
for changing between a liquid and a gas (evaporating, boiling or condensing)
is called the specific latent heat of vaporisation.

• You can work out the energy needed (or released) when a substance of mass m
changes state using this formula:
 EXAMPLE
• The amount of thermal energy stored or released as the temperature of a
system changes can be calculated using the equation:

• change in thermal energy = mass × specific latent heat

Some example questions
1) The latent heat of fusion for water is 334 KJ/kg. How
much heat energy would be needed to melt 2kg of ice?
668KJ

2) 0.5kg of ice is supplied with 100KJ of heat energy. Will all

of the ice melt?
No – not
enough heat
energy
3) Another heater is used to boil off 100g of water. The
latent heat of vaporisation is 2260KJ/kg. How much heat
energy was supplied to the water?
226KJ
 PARTICLE MOTION
OF GASES

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 COLIDING GASES PARTICLES
CREATES PRESSURE
• Particles in gases (and liquids to a certain
extent, but you don't need to worry about them)
are free to move around.
• As gas particles move about at high speeds,
they bang into each other and whatever else
happens to get in the way. When they collide
with something, they exert a force on it.
• Pressure is the force exerted per unit area.
• So, in a sealed container, the outward gas
pressure is the total force exerted by all of
the particles in the gas on a unit area of the
container walls.
Gas Pressure
Here is our model of particles in a gas again:

Notice that the particles keep hitting the sides of the

container. The total affect of all of these collisions is what
we call “pressure”.
Particle Motion in Gases
Q. What happens if we make the gas hotter?

The particles gain _____ energy and move ______. They will
collide with the sides of the container _____ often, therefore
the pressure is ________. This could cause the container to
______.
Words – expand, more, kinetic, greater, faster
24/01/2024
Particle Motion in Gases
Here’s gas pressure in a large container:
Particle Motion in Gases
Consider decreasing the volume:

The particles should collide with the sides of the container _____
often, therefore the pressure is ________.
Pressure and Volume in gases (Physics only)

Conclusion

When we multiplied the pressure of a gas by its volume we found that the answer
was always __ _______.
In other words, if you DECREASE the volume you _______ the pressure and so
on. One goes up, the other goes down!
In other words:

Pressure x volume = constant

Pressure and Volume in gases (Physics only)
Here’s another way of expressing the same equation:

Initial Pressure x Initial Volume = Final Press. x Final Vol.

PIVI = PFVF
1) A gas has a volume of 3m3 at a pressure of 20N/m2. What 40N/m2
will the pressure be if the volume is reduced to 1.5m3?
2) A gas increases in volume from 10m3 to 50m3. If the initial 20KN/m2
pressure was 10,000N/m2 what is the new pressure?
3) A gas decreases in pressure from 100,000 Pascals to
1.5m3
50,000 Pascals. The final volume was 3m3. What was the
initial volume?
4) The pressure of a gas changes from 100N/m2 to 20N/m2.
What is the ratio for volume change? 1:5
 Increasing Gas Pressure
(Physics HT only)
I’m trying to use this bike pump but
it gets really hot when I use it.
What’s happening?

When the pump is being used there is _____ being done on the
enclosed ____. This increases the ______ energy of the gas
and, as such, raises its _________.

Words – gas, work, temperature, internal

24/01/2024
 AVERAGE ENERGY IN KINETIC
STORE IS RELATED TO
• TEMPERATURE
The particles in a gas are constantly moving with random directions and
speeds. If you increase the temperature of a gas, you transfer energy
into the kinetic energy stores of its particles
• The temperature of a gas is related to the average energy in the kinetic
energy stores of the particles in the gas. The higher the temperature, the
higher the average energy.
• So as you increase the temperature of a gas, the average speed of its
particles increases.
• This is because the energy in the particles' kinetic energy stores is ½mv2
• As the particles are travelling quicker, it means that they hit the sides of
the container more often in a given amount of time.