Chapter

7
Training and Developing
Employees
 ORIENTING AND ONBOARDING NEW
EMPLOYEES
 Making sure your employees do know what to do and how to do it is the
purpose of orientation and training
 The human resources department usually designs the company’s
orientation and training programs
 Every manager needs to know how to orient and train employees.
 The Purposes of Employee
Orientation/Onboarding
 You want to accomplish four things by orienting new employees:
i. Make the new employee feel welcome and at home and part of the team.
ii. Make sure the new employee has the basic information to function effectively, such as e-
mail access, personnel policies and benefits, and what the employer expects in terms of
work behavior.
iii. Help the new employee understand the organization in a broad sense (its past, present,
culture, and strategies and vision of the future)
iv. Start the person on becoming socialized into the firms culture, values, and ways of doing
things
 The Orientation Process
An orientation typically includes information on employee benefits, personnel
policies, the daily routine, company organization and operations, safety
measures and regulations, and a facilities tour.

Employee benefit Company organization

information and operations

Personnel Employee Safety measures

policies Orientation and regulations

Daily Facilities
routine tour
8–4
 OVERVIEW OF THE TRAINING PROCESS

 Directly after orientation, training should begin

 Training means giving new or current employees the skills that they need
to perform their jobs.
 For example showing new Web designers the intricacies of your site, new
salespeople how to sell your firm’s product, or new supervisors how to
complete the firm’s weekly payroll.
 Conducting the Training Needs
Analysis
 The training needs analysis should address the employer’s strategic/longer term training needs
and/or its current training needs.
• STRATEGIC TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS
• Strategic goals (perhaps to enter new lines of business or to expand abroad) usually mean the
firm will have to fill new jobs
Strategic training needs analysis focuses on identifying the training that employees will need to fill
these new future jobs.
Strategic training needs analysis is tied to succession planning.
 This means:
 identifying the training and development that employees need to fill the firms key positions,
 Formulating plans to ensure that high-potential employees get the training and development to
fill the firms future positions.
 Analyzing Training Needs

Training Needs
Analysis

Task Analysis: Performance Analysis:

Assessing new employees’ Assessing current employees’
training needs training needs

8–8
 TASK ANALYSIS: ANALYZING NEW
EMPLOYEES TRAINING NEEDS
• Task analysis is a detailed study of the job to determine what specific skills
the job require
 For task analysis, job descriptions and job specifications are essential.
 These list the job s specific duties and skills, which are the basic reference
points in determining the training required.
 Managers can also uncover training needs by reviewing performance
standards, performing the job, and questioning current job holders and their
supervisors.
 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

• Performance analysis is the process of verifying that there is a performance

deficiency and determining whether the employer should correct such
deficiencies through training or some other means (like transferring the
employee)
 The first step in performance analysis is usually to compare the persons actual
performance to what it should be.
 Doing so helps to confirm that there is a performance deficiency, and
(hopefully) helps the manager to identify its cause
 Designing the Training Program
• Design means planning the overall training program including training objectives,
delivery methods, and program evaluation
Sub-steps include:
Setting performance objectives,
 Creating a detailed training outline (all training program steps from start to finish),
Choosing a program delivery method (such as lectures or Web),
Verifying the overall program design with management
The design should include summaries of how a trainer plans to set a training
environment that motivates trainees both to learn and to transfer what they learn to
the job.
It is also at the design stage that the manager reviews possible training program
content (including workbooks, exercises, and activities), and estimates a budget for
the training program
 Developing the Program
• Program development means actually assembling/creating the programs
training content and materials.
It means:
 Choosing the actual content the program will present,
Designing/choosing the specific instructional methods (lectures, cases,
Web-based, etc.) that will be used.
 IMPLEMENTING TRAINING PROGRAMS
• Implement means to actually provide the training, using one or more of the
instructional methods
• On-the-Job Training
On-the-job training (OJT) means having a person learn a job by actually
doing it.
 TYPES OF ON-THE-JOB TRAINING
• Coaching or understudy method
 An experienced worker or the trainee’s supervisor trains the employee.
 This may involve simply acquiring skills by observing the supervisor, or (preferably)
having the supervisor or job expert show the new employee the ropes, step-by-step.
• Job rotation
 An employee (usually a management trainee) moves from job to job at planned
intervals, is another OJT technique.
• Special assignments
Gives lower-level executives firsthand experience in working on actual problems.
 TYPES OF ON-THE-JOB TRAINING
• Apprenticeship Training
 Apprenticeship training is a process by which people become skilled workers,
usually through a combination of formal learning and long-term on-the-job
training
 It traditionally involves having the learner/apprentice study under the tutelage of
a master craftsperson
• Informal Learning
 Surveys from the American Society for Training and Development estimate that
as much as 80% of what employees learn on the job they learn through informal
means, including performing their jobs on a daily basis with their colleagues
 Lectures
• Lecturing is a quick and simple way to present knowledge to large groups of trainees
• Delivering Effective Lectures
• Be alert to your audience.
• Maintain eye contact with audience.
• Make sure everyone in the room can hear.
• Control your hands.
• Talk from notes rather than from a script.
• Practice and rehearse your presentation.
• Don’t start out on the wrong foot
 Audiovisual-Based Training
 When there is a need to illustrate how to follow a certain sequence over
time, such as when teaching machine repair. The stop-action, instant replay,
and fast- or slow-motion capabilities of audiovisuals can be useful here.
 When there is a need to show trainees events not easily demonstrable
in live lectures, such as a visual tour of a factory
 Videoconferencing

• Videoconferencing is popular for training geographically dispersed

employees, and involves delivering programs via compressed audio and
video signals over cable broadband lines, the Internet, or satellite
 Internet-Based Training
• There are two basic ways to offer online courses to employees
 First, the employer can encourage and/or facilitate having its employees
take relevant online courses from either its own online (intranet) offerings or
from the hundreds of online training vendors on the Web.
The second approach is to arrange with an online training vendor to make
its courses available via the employer’s intranet-based learning portal
A learning portal is a section of an employer’s Web site that offers employees
online access to many or all of the training courses they need to succeed at
their jobs
Implementing Management Development Programs
Management development is any attempt to improve
managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing
attitudes, or increasing skills

Long-Term Focus of
Management Development

Assessing the Appraising Developing the

company’s strategic managers’ current managers and
needs performance future managers

8–20
 Succession Planning
Development is usually part of the employer’s succession planning.
Succession planning refers to the process through which a company
plans for and fills senior-level openings
Steps in the Succession Planning Process
1 Anticipate management needs

2 Review firm’s management skills inventory

3 Create replacement charts

4 Begin management development

8–21
 Managerial On-the-Job Training

Managerial On-the-Job Training

Job Coaching and Action

rotation understudy learning

8–22
Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques

• THE CASE STUDY METHOD

 Presents a trainee with a written description of an organizational problem
 The person then analyzes the case, diagnoses the problem, and presents his or her findings and
solutions in a discussion with other trainees.
• MANAGEMENT GAMES
 Computerized management games enable trainees to learn by making realistic decisions in simulated
situations
 With some games, trainees divide into teams, which compete in a simulated marketplace.
 Each team typically must decide, for example,
(1) how much to spend on advertising,
(2) how much to produce,
(3) how much inventory to maintain,
(4) how many of which product to produce
• Management games are effective. People learn best by being involved, and games gain such
involvement.
 Off-the-Job Management Training and
Development Techniques
• OUTSIDE SEMINARS
 Numerous companies and universities offer Web-based and traditional
classroom management development seminars and conferences
• UNIVERSITY-RELATED PROGRAMS
Many universities provide executive education and continuing education
programs in leadership, supervision, and the like.
These can range from 1- to 4-day programs to executive development programs
lasting 1 to 4 months
 Off-the-Job Management Training and
Development Techniques
• ROLE PLAYING
 The aim of role playing is to create a realistic situation and then have the
trainees assume the parts (or roles) of specific persons in that situation
 The aim is to develop trainees skills in areas like leadership and delegating,
conflict resolution
• BEHAVIOR MODELING
Behavior modeling involves :
(1) showing trainees the right (or model ) way of doing something,
(2) letting trainees practice that way, and
(3) giving feedback on the trainees performance
 Using Organizational Development
• Organizational development is a change process through which employees
formulate the change that s required and implement it, often with the assistance of
trained consultants.
• OD has several distinguishing characteristics
1. It usually involves action research, which means collecting data about a group,
department, or organization, and feeding the information back to the employees
so they can analyze it and develop hypotheses about what the problems might be.
2. It applies behavioral science knowledge to improve the organizations
effectiveness.
3. It changes the organization in a particular direction toward empowerment,
improved problem solving, responsiveness, quality of work, and effectiveness