Fourier Series and

Fourier Transforms
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Contents
Representation of Fourier series for continuous time periodic signals,
Trigonometric Fourier series and Exponential Fourier series,
Convergence of Fourier series: Dirichlet’s conditions, properties of
Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum, Fourier series of signals with
different symmetry.

Deriving Fourier Transform (FT) from Fourier series, Fourier transform

of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals, Fourier
transform of periodic signals, properties of Fourier transforms,
Fourier transforms involving impulse function and Signum
function. Introduction to Hilbert Transform, Properties of Hilbert
Transform. Applications of Fourier Transforms.
Fourier Transforms
 Fourier Series

The representation of a f(t) over an interval (0,T) by a linear combination of set of

infinite number of mutually orthogonal functions is called Fourier Series
representation.

Fourier series is mainly divided into two types:

1.Trigonometric Fourier series Representation
2. Exponential Fourier series Representation
3.Polar (Cosine) Fourier series
Representation Jean Joseph Baptiste
Fourier
 FS representation of periodic function of period
Aditya Engine

Form T Series Representation Equations for Conversion Formula

Coefficients
Trigonometric a0 
T  f (t)dt a 0  c0
 t0
t0 T
f (t)  a0  (an cosnw0t  bn sin an 
2
 f (t)
an  cn  cn
T
nw0t) cosnw 0 tdt bn  jcn 
n1 t0

c n 
t0 T
2
bn   f (t) sin
T
nw0 tdt
t0

Exponential c0 
T  f (t)dt c0  a 0
 
t0
  t0 T
0 n n
1
T 
n
f (t)  c  c e jnw t  c e jnw t c  jnw t f c 
0 0
(t)e t
dt 0

a n  jbn n
n1 n1 t 0T
1 0

cjnw t  f (t)e 2
dt c 
T
0
t
a n  jbn
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Important Points on Symmetry

𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑶𝒅𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏
Even Symmetry 𝒂 𝒏 exists 𝒃𝒏
= 𝟎
Odd Symmetry 𝒂𝒏 =0 𝒃𝒏
exists
Hidden Symmetry Exhibits either even or odd symmetry

Rotational Symmetry 𝒂 𝒏 at odd values of n 𝒃𝒏 at odd values of

n
 Spectrum of Continuous Time Fourier Series(CTFS)Aditya Engineering College A)
(

x(t) (or) f(t) Ck (or) Cn

Continuous Time
Continuous and Discrete and
Fourier Series
Periodic Aperiodic

Key Points:
1. Fourier Series is applicable only for Periodic Signals
2. Fourier Series always generates Discrete spectrum.
3. If the input signal is in Continuous Time ,then the spectrum
always Aperiodic.
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How to Deal with Aperiodic Signal?

A Periodic Signal f(t)

If T, what happens?

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Fourier Transforms

The main drawback of Fourier series is, it is only applicable to

periodic signals. There are some naturally produced signals such as
nonperiodic or aperiodic, which we cannot represent using Fourier series.
To overcome this shortcoming, Fourier developed a mathematical model to
transform signals between time (or spatial) domain to frequency domain &
vice versa, which is called 'Fourier transform'.

Fourier transform has many applications in physics and engineering

such as analysis of LTI systems, RADAR, astronomy, signal processing etc.
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Fourier Transform Pair

Fourier Transform: Inverse Fourier

Transform:
F ( j ω)   1 
f (t)  
jt
f (t)e  jωt
dt F ( j)e d
 2 
 
F (ω)  
f (t)e jωt dt f (t) 
1 
 F (ω)etjω

  2 
dω
Analysis π
Synthesis Equation
Equation
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Existence Fourier Transform

1. f(t) is absolutely integrable over the interval -∞ to ∞


f (t) dt 
 

2. f(t)has a finite number of discontinuities in every finite

time interval. Further, each of these discontinuities must be finite
3. f(t) has a finite number of maxima and minima in every finite time
interval.
 Spectrum of Continuous Time Aditya Engineering College (A)

Fourier
Transform(CTFT)
x(t) (or) f(t) X(ω) (or) F(ω)
Continuous Time
Continuous and Continuous and
Fourier Transform
Aperiodic Aperiodic

Key Points:
1. Fourier Transform is applicable only for Aperiodic Signals
2. Fourier Transform always generates Continuous spectrum.
3. If the input signal is in Continuous Time ,then the spectrum
always Aperiodic.
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Fourier Transform of Standard Signals
Impulse function
𝛿(𝑡)
𝛿 𝑡 = ቊ1 𝑓 𝑜 𝑟 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠
0 0
∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑡𝑑 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 −∞

∞
= න 𝛿 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡𝑑
−∞

𝑡
𝑒 −𝑗𝑤𝑡| 𝑡 = 0 =

Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

 Single sided exponential function Aditya Engineering College (A)

𝒆− 𝒂 𝒕 𝒖(𝒕)

𝑥 𝑡 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥
u 𝑡
= ቊ0
𝑒− 𝑎 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 <
0
∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑡𝑑 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 −∞
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Magnitude
Spectrum
1
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = 0 𝑋 (0) =
𝑎 21
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = ∞ 𝑋 (∞) = =0
𝑎2 +∞2
1
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = −∞ 𝑋 (−∞) = =0
𝑎2 +(−∞)2
Phase
Spectrum 𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = 0‫ 𝑋ہ‬0 =−𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 1 0 = 0
∞
= − 𝜋/2
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = ∞ ‫∞ 𝑋ہ‬ 𝑎
=−𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 1 −∞
= 𝜋/2
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = −∞ ‫ 𝑋ہ‬−∞ 𝑎
=−𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 1
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Double sided exponential function 𝒆− 𝒂 𝒕

𝑥 =
𝑡
𝒆 −𝒂 𝒕

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑡𝑑 𝑡
න −∞ 𝑡
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Magnitude
Spectrum 2𝑎
𝑋(𝜔) = 2 for all ω 𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = 0 𝑋 (0) =
2𝑎
=2/a
𝑎 + 𝜔2 𝑎2 +02
2𝑎
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = ∞ 𝑋 (∞) = =0
𝑎2 +∞2
2𝑎
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 = −∞ 𝑋 (−∞) = =0
𝑎2 +(−∞)2
Phase
Spectrum
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Rectangular Pulse or Gate Signal

𝜏
𝑡 𝑡
𝜋 𝑜𝑟 = 2𝜏
𝜏 𝜏
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ቐ 1 − ≤𝑡 ≤
2
0
𝑜𝑡 ℎ 𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
∞
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑡𝑑 𝑡
න −∞ 𝑡
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Triangular Pulse

2𝑡
𝑡
∆ =
𝜏 𝜏𝜏 2
ቐ 1 0− 𝑡 ≤
𝑜𝑡 ℎ 𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

∞
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑡𝑑 𝑡
න −∞ 𝑡
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Constant Function

𝑥 𝑡 =
𝑡𝑒− 𝑎 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
∞
𝑋 𝜔 = 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔
𝑡𝑑 𝑡
න −∞ 𝑡
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑋 𝜔 = න = 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝑡𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑒− 𝑎 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑒− 𝑗 𝜔
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
න 0 න 0
0
𝑒− ( 𝑎 + 𝑗 )𝜔𝑡 ∞
= 𝑡 ]0∞ 𝑑 = ∞ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗)∞− 0 ∞ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−(𝑎+𝑗) − ‫׬‬0 𝑑 𝑡 𝑡 ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−(𝑎+𝑗)𝑡𝑑 𝑡 −(𝑎+𝑗) − 0‫ ׬‬− ( 𝑎 + 𝑗 )

∞
=
1 ‫׬‬ 𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1
(𝑎+𝑗) 0 = ]0
𝑒 −(𝑎+𝑗)𝑡 ∞
=
1 𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗 ∞− 𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗 0 =
1
(𝑎+𝑗) −(𝑎+𝑗) (𝑎+𝑗) −(𝑎+𝑗) (𝑎+𝑗)2
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1
F.T [𝑡𝑒 − 𝑎 𝑡 𝑢 ( 𝑡 )]
( 𝑎 + 𝑗 )𝜔2
=
Magnitude 1
𝑋(𝜔)
Spectrum =
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
)2

Phase ‫ = )𝜔(𝑋 ہ‬−2𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 1 (/𝑎

𝑎 )
Spectrum
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Useful functions in terms of Impulse
Function 𝑡
𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑡 < 𝜏
= 𝑒 −(𝜋
𝑡 2 / 𝜏2 ) 𝜏
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 1−

𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 = 𝑡 < 𝜏
𝜏
lim 1 1− 𝜏→ 0 𝜏
1
𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝛿 = 2 lim2 𝑒−
(𝜋
𝑡 /𝜏 )
𝑡 𝜏→ 0 𝜏
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Useful functions in terms of Impulse
Function
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑒− 𝑡 /𝜏
𝑆𝑎( 𝑘𝑡 )
1
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = lim 𝑒 −
𝛿 𝑡 𝜏→0 2𝜏 𝑡 / 𝜏 �
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = lim �𝑆𝑎(𝑘
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 𝑡 𝑘 →∞ 𝜋 𝑡 )
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Derivative of Discontinuous Functions
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Constant Function

x(t)  1

Constant function Doesn’t satisfies the absolute integrability

Consider Rectangular function

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Evaluation of coefficients
Evaluation of
𝑡2
𝒃𝒏 ‫׬‬
𝑡1
𝑓1 𝑡 𝑓2 𝑡
The component of 𝑓 1 𝑡 along 𝐶12 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 2
‫ 𝑡׬‬1 2 𝑓 2 𝑡
𝑓2 (𝑡). 𝑑𝑡
𝑓 1 ( 𝑡 ) ≅ 𝐶12. 𝑓 2 ( 𝑡 )

𝑏 𝑛 is the component of 𝑓 𝑡 along 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔

0𝑡

𝑡 0 +𝑇 ‫𝑡𝑡׬‬00 +𝑇 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑡 𝑡 0 +𝑇
‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 0𝑡 0 ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 0𝑡
𝑡0 𝑡0
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑡 0 +𝑇 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑡 0 +𝑇 𝑑𝑡 𝑡0 +𝑇
‫׬‬ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑡0 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 0 + 𝑇 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑛𝜔0𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛 0𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝑡0 ‫ 𝑡׬‬0 𝑑 1/2[‫ 𝑡 ׬‬0 1 𝑑 𝑡 − 𝑡0
2
𝑡 𝑡 0 +𝑇 ‫׬‬
‫ 𝑡׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 0𝑡
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑑𝑡1/2[ 𝑇 ]
𝑡0 +𝑇
2
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
න
𝑡0
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