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Lec4-Systems Dev. - Midterm

The document discusses the systems approach to problem solving which uses a systems orientation to define problems and develop solutions. It describes the key steps in the systems development process as systems analysis, system design, programming, testing, conversion, and production and maintenance.

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18 views

Lec4-Systems Dev. - Midterm

The document discusses the systems approach to problem solving which uses a systems orientation to define problems and develop solutions. It describes the key steps in the systems development process as systems analysis, system design, programming, testing, conversion, and production and maintenance.

Uploaded by

rachelortiz510
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PIS 2

LECTURE 4
SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT
Objectives:

· Describe each of the steps of the systems


approach to problem solving

· Use the systems approach, the systems


development cycle, and a model of
information systems components as
problem-solving frameworks to help you to
propose IS solutions to simple business
problems
SYSTEM

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
FUNCTIONS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENT
Customers Suppliers

ORGANIZATION
INFORMATION SYSTEM

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

Regulatory Stockholders Competitors


Agencies
INFORMATION SYSTEMS

ORGANIZATIONS TECHNOLOGY

INFORMATION
SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT
APPROACHES TO INFO SYSTEMS
TECHNICAL APPROACHES

COMPUTER
OPERATIONS
SCIENCE
RESEARCH
MANAGEMENT
SCIENCE
MIS
SOCIOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY POLITICAL
SCIENCE

BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
SYSTEM INTERDEPENDENCE

INTERDEPENDENCE
HARDWARE

BUSINESS SOFTWARE DATABASE


Strategy
Rules TELE-
Procedures COMMUNICATIONS

ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM


The Systems Approach

The systems approach to problem solving


uses a systems orientation to define
problems and opportunities and develop
solutions
Problem-Solving Approach

 A methodology is, first and foremost, a problem-solving


approach to building systems.

 The classical problem-solving approach is as follows:

 Study and understand the problem (opportunity, and/or


directive) and its system context.
 Define the requirements of a suitable solution.

 Identify candidate solutions and select the ``best'' solution.

 Design and/or implement the solution.

 Observe and evaluate the solution's impact, and refine the

solution accordingly.
Defining a problem in a
systems context
• A problem
– a basic condition that is causing undesirable
results

• Symptoms
– are signals of an underlying problem

Separate symptoms from problems!


In the business world all you see are
symptoms

How to see unstructured problems and


solve them?

Models and systems approach help you.


Systems context

The business organization or process in


which a problem arises could be viewed
as a system of
• input,
• processing
• output
• feedback and
• control components
Symptom: Sales are declining
Problem: Salespersons are loosing orders, because they cannot get
info on product prices and availability
Techniques to Examine
Business Problems
• Identification business objects, how they
are related , and analyzing the data that is
needed by end users

• Focusing on business processes and


activities
Analyzing Systems:
STRUCTURED ANALYSIS
• DEFINES SYSTEM INPUTS, PROCESSES,
OUTPUTS
• PARTITIONS SYSTEM INTO SUBSYSTEMS
OR MODULES
• LOGICAL, GRAPHICAL MODEL OF
INFORMATION FLOW
• DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: Graphical display of
component processes, flow of data
Analyzing Systems:
Process Analysis
Example: Rolling Thunder Bicycles
Process Diagram. It describe how individual processes
interact with each other

Input Process Output

Data flow diagram is a process-oriented technique used


for investigating IS. It is designed to show how system
is divided into smaller parts and highlight the flow of
data between those parts
SYMBOLS FOR DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFD):

DATA FLOW
Feedback & control

PROCESS

SOURCE
OR SINK

FILE
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:

GENERATE
BALANCE
GENERATE
BILL
CUSTOMER PAYMENT
FILE FILE

GENERATE
REPORT
CUSTOMER

 MANAGER
STRUCTURED
ANALYSIS
• DATA DICTIONARY: Controlled definitions of
descriptions of all data, such as variable names
& types of data
• PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS: Describes logic
of processes at module level
Developing and evaluating
alternative solutions
Where do alternative solutions come from?

· Experience (previous solutions)


· Advice of others
· Your intuition and creativity
· Simulation of processes (e.g. what-if analysis
using Excel; decision support systems )
· “doing nothing” approach
Evaluation of solutions
Goal:
– to determine how well each alternative
solution meets your business and personal
requirements

• Develop evaluation criteria for evaluation


of solutions.
• Criteria may be ranked
Selecting the best solution
• As alternative solutions have been
evaluated using the same criteria, it is
possible to compare the solutions and
find the best which meets your
requirements.

– You can have other reasons for not


choosing the best one or rejecting all the
solutions.
– Develop additional solutions.
Designing and
implementing solutions
Develop design specification and an implementation
plan
• Design specification
– description of characteristics and capabilities
of the people, hardware, software, and data
resources and information systems activities
needed by a new system
• Implementation plan
– specifies the resources, activities, and timing
needed for implementation.
A solution can fail!

• The results of implementing a solution


could be monitored and evaluated
• This is post-implementation review
process.
If the implemented solution does not
help the firm and does not meet their
system objectives, then the systems
approach assumes you’ll cycle back
to a previous step and make another
attempt to find a workable solution.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

• SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
• SYSTEM DESIGN
• PROGRAMMING
• TESTING
• CONVERSION
• PRODUCTION & MAINTENANCE
SEATWORK
1. What are some common tools and techniques
used in Systems Analysis and Design?
2. What is the purpose of conducting a feasibility
study in Systems Analysis?
3. What is the purpose of conducting system
testing?
4. Why is documentation essential in Systems
Development?
5. What is the role of a Systems Analyst in the
development process?

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